Applications of Nanoparticles for Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Treatment

Abstract

In recent years, the growing studies focused on the immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma and proved the preclinical and clinical promises of host antitumor immune response. However, there were still various obstacles in meeting satisfactory clinic need, such as low response rate, primary resistance and secondary resistance to immunotherapy. Tackling these barriers required a deeper understanding of immune underpinnings and a broader understanding of advanced technology. This review described immune microenvironment of liver and HCC which naturally decided the complexity of immunotherapy, and summarized recent immunotherapy focusing on different points. The ever-growing clues indicated that the instant killing of tumor cell and the subsequent relive of immunosuppressive microenvironment were both indis- pensables. The nanotechnology applied in immunotherapy and the combination with intervention technology was also discussed.

Flavonoids with Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Properties: Deciphering Their Mechanisms in Disrupting the Viral Life Cycle

“…Abbreviations: ACV, acyclovir; Akt, protein kinase B; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; EC50, 50% effective concentration; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; gD, glycoprotein D; HEC-1-A cells, human endometrial cells; HSV-2, herpes simplex virus type 2; IC50, 50% inhibitory concentration; IE genes, immediate-early genes; IL-4, interleukin-4; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3-kinase; and Vero cells, African green monkey kidney cells. Incorporating flavonoids into nanoparticles enhances drug delivery to HSV-affected cells by improving stability and bioavailability [78,79]. The nanoparticles boost drug solubility, prolong circulation time, and target specific cells, ensuring a focused approach that minimizes potential side effects in treating HSV diseases [80,81].…”

Antiviral potential of anthraquinones from Polygonaceae, Rubiaceae and Asphodelaceae: Potent candidates in the treatment of SARS-COVID-19, A comprehensive review

“…HSV-2 is responsible for genital herpes in humans, in addition to other complications like cold sore, meningitis, eye infections and encephalitis ( Zandi et al, 2007 , Burcea et al, 2015 ; Sauerbrei, 2016 ). The virus can also cause life-threatening malady in immune-compromised persons such as newborns, HIV patients, or victims undergoing immunosuppressive remedies ( Shukla and Spear, 2001 ; Whitley and Roizman, 2001 ; Gottlieb et al, 2019 ; Obisesan et al, 2021 ).…”

Non-nucleoside structured compounds with antiviral activity—past 10 years (2010–2020)

“…Long-acting and extended-release formulations are one of the most important considerations to improving the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. The latest trends, including those involving the application of nanotechnology, have been published recently [ [2] , [3] , [4] ].…”