Applications of Nanoparticles in the Detection and Treatment of Kidney Diseases

Abstract

Nanoparticles have emerged in the medical field as a technology well-suited for the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of disease states. They have been heralded as efficacious owing to both in terms of improved therapeutic efficacy as well as reduction of treatment side effects in some cases. Various nanomaterials have been developed which can be tagged with targeting moieties, and with drug delivery and imaging capability or combination of both as theranostic agent. These nanomaterials have been investigated for treatment and detection of various pathological conditions. The emphasis of this review is to demonstrate current research and clinical applications for nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of renal diseases.

Peptide and antibody ligands for renal targeting: nanomedicine strategies for kidney disease

“…For a review of nanoparticles used for kidney applications categorized by disease type, refer to the review by Brede et al . 15 …”

“…22,23 In diseased states, the breakdown of the glomerular endothelial cell lining and podocyte architecture can lead to the passage of much larger substances, leading to proteinuria. 15 …”

Light‐Emitting Agents for Noninvasive Assessment of Kidney Function

“…Therefore, preclinical techniques that can readily stage kidney dysfunction are essential to understand the progression of kidney disease. Furthermore, acute renal failure (ARF) has numerous causes such as hypotension, sepsis, trauma, acute tubular necrosis, drug‐induced nephrotoxicity, and urinary obstruction . Identifying the disease culprits in ARF is difficult and often relies on renal biopsy.…”

“…Identifying the disease culprits in ARF is difficult and often relies on renal biopsy. However, this method is invasive and has potential risks . In vivo fluorescence imaging is an inexpensive, highly sensitive, and widely utilized preclinical method that is used to study various diseases.…”

“…Furthermore, acute renal failure (ARF) has numerous causes such as hypotension, sepsis,t rauma,a cute tubular necrosis, drug-induced nephrotoxicity,a nd urinary obstruction. [6] Identifying the disease culprits in ARF is difficult ando ften relies on renal biopsy.H owever,t his method is invasive andh as potential risks. [6] In vivo fluorescencei maging is an inexpensive, highly sensitive, and widely utilized preclinicalm ethodt hat is used to study various diseases.S ignificant developments in the area of diagnosing kidney function and disease on the basis of lightemitting agents and fluorescence imaging hasb een made in the past ten years.…”