“…Over the past decade, ZVI was demonstrated for treating different varieties of organic and inorganic contaminants such as dyes ( Wang et al, 2017 ), phenolic compounds ( Ambika et al, 2020 , Minella et al, 2019 ), antibiotics ( Zhou et al, 2019 ), nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) ( Zarei et al, 2019 ), arsenic ( Tucek et al, 2017 ), heavy metals ( Li et al, 2017 ), chlorinated organic compounds ( Ezzatahmadi et al, 2017 ), nitrates etc ( Ezzatahmadi et al, 2017 ) . The heavy metal iron content in wastewater poses significant challenges during its treatment ( Demirbas, 2008 , Fu and Wang, 2011 ).…”