Applying Deep Learning on a Few EEG Electrodes during Resting State Reveals Depressive States: A Data Driven Study

Abstract

The growing number of depressive people and the overload in primary care services make it necessary to identify depressive states with easily accessible biomarkers such as mobile electroencephalography (EEG). Some studies have addressed this issue by collecting and analyzing EEG resting state in a search of appropriate features and classification methods. Traditionally, EEG resting state classification methods for depression were mainly based on linear or a combination of linear and non-linear features. We hypothesize that participants with ongoing depressive states differ from controls in complex patterns of brain dynamics that can be captured in EEG resting state data, using only nonlinear measures on a few electrodes, making it possible to develop cheap and wearable devices that could be even monitored through smartphones. To validate such a perspective, a resting-state EEG study was conducted with 50 participants, half with depressive state (DEP) and half controls (CTL). A data-driven approach was applied to select the most appropriate time window and electrodes for the EEG analyses, as suggested by Giacometti⁠, as well as the most efficient nonlinear features and classifiers, to distinguish between CTL and DEP participants. Nonlinear features showing temporo-spatial and spectral complexity were selected. The results confirmed that computing nonlinear features from a few selected electrodes in a 15 s time window are sufficient to classify DEP and CTL participants accurately. Finally, after training and testing internally the classifier, the trained machine was applied to EEG resting state data (CTL and DEP) from a publicly available database, validating the capacity of generalization of the classifier with data from different equipment, population, and environment obtaining an accuracy near 100%.

Neuropsychology and Electroencephalography in Rural Children at Neurodevelopmental Risk: A Scoping Review

“…It is economically accessible, non-invasive, functionally sensitive, temporarily precise, and continuously improved for further complex feature extraction in different clinical conditions [6,7]. Classification methods for the sensitive detection of differences between normal and cognitively impaired subjects through the analysis of the electrical activity in the brain have been explored and have shown good reliability, even using a small number of electrodes [8,9]. The EEG functionally probes the CNS to obtain a real-time record of electrical activity [10].…”