“…The structural genes encoding enzymes in the pathway have been identified, including genes encoding phenylalanine lyase (PAL), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), cinnamic acid hydroxylase (C4H), coumadin CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), flavonoid 3'hydroxylase (F3'H), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavonol synthase (FLS), flavonoid 3'5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), and the other key genes (Routaboul et al, 2006;Saito et al, 2013;Chen and Li, 2016). Studies on flavonoid biosynthesis have been conducted in many horticultural plants such as Vitis vinifera (Azuma et al, 2012), Malus×domestica (Henry-Kirk et al, 2012), Ziziphus jujuba (Zhang et al, 2020), and others. Furthermore, flavonoid biosynthesis is known to be influenced by the environment, developmental stage, plant variety, temperature, and tissue type (Azuma et al, 2012;Wen et al, 2020).…”