Approaches for Detecting Madder Lake in Multi-Layered Coating Systems of Historical Bowed String Instruments

Fiocco, Giacomo; Rovetta, Tommaso; Gulmini, Monica; Piccirillo, Anna; Canevari, Claudio; Licchelli, Maurizio; Malagodi, Marco

doi:10.3390/coatings8050171

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In fact, if madder is applied in a dye bath directly containing the mordant, the possibility of interaction between the mordant and the dye to create a lake, which then deposits on the fibres, cannot be excluded. In a few cases, S, Cl, and K were also detected in the EDS spectra, resembling those reported in the literature for madder lake pigments obtained by precipitating the dyes with potash alum [51,52]. Normally, fibres with large agglomerates of the dye are more light-fast, since a smaller surface area of the coloured material is exposed to air and light [53].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Compositional and Micro-Morphological Characterisation of Red Colourants in Archaeological Textiles from Pharaonic Egypt

et al. 2019

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When the imagination conjures up an image of an Egyptian mummy, it is normally one of a human body wrapped with undyed linen bandages. However, the reality was much more colourful, as shown by the set of red mummy shrouds and textile fragments from Pharaonic Egypt considered in this work. The textiles were subjected to scientific investigation with the main aim of shedding light on the sources of red colour and on the possible reasons for the different levels of colour fading. The red colourants were investigated using various non-invasive and micro-invasive approaches. The results pointed towards the presence of three sources of red colour, which, in increasing order of lightfastness, are safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), madder (Rubia spp.), and red ochre. Micro-morphological observations and elemental analyses also enabled some hypotheses to be formulated regarding the application of these colourants to the textiles. The results not only deepen our knowledge of dyeing technologies in ancient Egypt and shed new light on the function of red shrouds and textiles as part of the funerary practices of Pharaonic Egypt, but are also essential in planning the display and future preservation of these mummies and their associated textiles.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Compositional and Micro-Morphological Characterisation of Red Colourants in Archaeological Textiles from Pharaonic Egypt

et al. 2019

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“…As regards Si (Figure 9a), XRF results highlighted a significant variation in the area counts within the mock-up set. In particular, high counts of Si were detected in m.A, where the ground is directly exposed, while its values significantly decreased nearly to the detection limit in m.B, m.C, m.D, m.E, and m.G, as a twofold consequence of the layer application on the ground and of the low atomic weight of silicon [4,66]. The 10% of Fe 2 O 3 concentration in the paint layer (m.F), together with the superimposition of additional protective coats (m.H), then brought the counts of Si and S up to zero in the two mock-ups in exam (Figure 9a,b).…”

Section: X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 96%

Surface and Interface Treatments on Wooden Artefacts: Potentialities and Limits of a Non-Invasive Multi-Technique Study

et al. 2020

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Wooden artefacts embrace wide-ranging types of objects, like paintings on panel, sculptures, musical instruments, and furniture. Generally, in the manufacturing process of an artwork, wood is firstly treated with organic and inorganic materials to make it nonporous and morphologically homogeneous, and, at last, the surface treatment consists of varnishes or coatings applied with the aims of conferring aesthetic properties and protecting wood from biological growth and external degradation agents, as well as mechanical damage. In this work, different wooden mock-ups were prepared by varying some parameters: concentration of filler and pigment, respectively, in the ground and paint layers, thickness of the protective varnish coat, and sequence of the layers. The mock-ups were subsequently exposed to time-varying artificial aging processes. The multi-analytical non-invasive approach involved spectroscopic (reflection FT-IR, Raman, and X-ray fluorescence), tomographic (optical coherence tomography) and colorimetric techniques. Data were interpreted using both univariate and multivariate methods. The aim was to evaluate potential and limits of each non-invasive technique into the study of different stratigraphies of wooden artworks. This approach was supported by microscopic observations of cross-sections obtained from selected mock-ups. The methodological approach proposed here would add valuable technical know-how and information about the non-invasive techniques applied to the study of wooden artworks.

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“…To set up the methodology, a mock-up simulating the coating system of bowed string musical instruments was prepared according to some documented historical recipes [46,47]. The mock-up MU_1 (in Fig.…”

Section: Laboratory Mock-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary mapping techniques to characterize the wood finish of musical instruments

Albano

Ghirardello²,

Fiocco

et al. 2021

Eur. Phys. J. Plus

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The wood finish of historical bowed string musical instruments made in Cremona (Italy) during the seventeenth and eighteenth century is a complex multi-layered coating system, where varnishes and other organic binders are variously mixed with inorganic fillers and pigments. It consists of several layers with reduced thickness (tens of microns or less), hard to be distinguished due to the similarity of the constituent materials. Nevertheless, the identification of chemical and morphological features (layering and boundaries) is strictly necessary to disclose the traditional manufacturing procedures. In this paper, we propose an innovative protocol to fully characterize such a multi-layered coating system by combining hyperspectral photoluminescence (PL) micro-imaging with μFTIR-ATR mapping and SEM-EDX analysis. The protocol has been employed to study three cross-sectional samples from violins made by Lorenzo Storioni (second half of eighteenth century), whereas a properly reproduced laboratory mock-up was used to set the analytical protocol. The obtained results demonstrate that the combination of these complementary spectroscopy mapping techniques in a high-resolution strategy allows one to clearly identify the morphology of a few microns thin layers, to assess the penetration depth of sizing treatments into the wood and to detect restoration areas.

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Approaches for Detecting Madder Lake in Multi-Layered Coating Systems of Historical Bowed String Instruments

Cited by 22 publications

References 32 publications

Compositional and Micro-Morphological Characterisation of Red Colourants in Archaeological Textiles from Pharaonic Egypt

Compositional and Micro-Morphological Characterisation of Red Colourants in Archaeological Textiles from Pharaonic Egypt

Surface and Interface Treatments on Wooden Artefacts: Potentialities and Limits of a Non-Invasive Multi-Technique Study

Complementary mapping techniques to characterize the wood finish of musical instruments

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