Aqueous-ethanol nitro blue tetrazolium solutions for high dose dosimetry

Practical use of chemical probes for reactive oxygen species produced in biological systems by γ-irradiation

“…Previous reports have shown that 4-POBN, DAB and NBT are sensitive and selective chemical probe for d OH, H 2 O 2 , or e À aq , respectively (Liszkay et al, 2003;Fryer et al, 2002;Pikaev and Kriminskaya, 1998;Ková cs et al, 1999a). These probes are not highly toxic so amenable to in vitro/in vivo trapping of ROS, and the resultant adducts are quite stable enough to be detectable by spin trapping or colorimetry (Fig.…”

“…Otherwise, the reduction of NBT can be mediated by e À aq produced by water radiolysis, resulting in the formation of monoformazan and diformazan (Ková cs et al, 1999b). The formation of diformazan, however, was induced by g-irradiation at least beyond 5 kGy (Ková cs et al, 1999a). Moreover, the production rate of O 2 dÀ by g-irradiation was generally very low due to the limited amount of O 2 dissolved in aqueous solution (Zielonka et al, 2006; data not shown).…”

UV‐assisted screen‐printing of flat textiles

“…In particular, the process involves a reaction with solvated (hydrated) electrons with highly reducing properties. A few groups have examined the radiation‐induced reactions of aqueous and alcohol solutions of many tetrazolium salts: nitro‐tetrazolium salt and blue tetrazolium salt [6]; 2,3,5‐triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) [7]; ditetrazolium salt nitrotetrazolium chloride (NBTCl 2 ) [8]; tetrazolium violet [9]; as well as poly(vinyl alcohol) films containing TTC [10]; radiochromic films made of NBT in a matrix of poly(vinyl alcohol) [11] and TTC combined with L ‐alanine [12].…”

Effect of electron beam irradiation on the structural properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) formulations with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride dye (TTC)

“…Bielski et al (1980) and Kovacs et al (1999a) investigated the mechanism of reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT 2+ ) by the stopped flow and the pulse radiolysis techniques. Also, in this regard, Kovacs et al (1999b) reported that the reduction mechanism which can be proposed for NBT 2+ , by stepwise addition of four electrons and the formation of the transient tetrazole ring shared free radicals (BT + , MF) and one stable intermediate consisting of one tetrazolium center and one formazan center (MF + ). Also, they have developed the radiochromic NBT 2+ solution in aqueous ethanol for high-dose g-rays dosimetry over the dose ranges 0.1-1.0 and 1.0-30 kGy, using the monoformazan (MF) and diformazan (DF) absorption maxima of 522 and 612 nm wavelengths, respectively.…”