Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFFs) Are Very Toxic to Aquatic Microcrustaceans

Silva, Silvana Carmo da; Pusceddu, Fábio Hermes; Ortega, Andressa dos Santos Barbosa; Abessa, Denis Moledo de Souza; Pereira, Camilo Dias Seabra; Maranho, Luciane Alves

doi:10.1007/s11270-019-4291-x

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Although the development of PFAS-free AFFF is aimed to reduce PFAS contamination and nontarget species exposure, our work suggests that PFAS-free AFFF might cause greater acute impacts on aquatic species at all trophic levels as compared to the PFAS-containing Buckeye AFFF. This corroborates the results of da Silva et al who reported acutely toxic effects of seven “eco-friendly” labeled AFFF formulations on the zooplankton D. similis . While we found the PFAS-free AFFF to be more acutely toxic than the PFAS-containing Buckeye formulation, there are equally concerning chronic effects of PFAS exposure on human and wildlife health. ,,, Chronic exposure to PFAS at concentrations 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than AFFF formulation toxicity values reported in the current study are known to induce changes in behavior, growth, development, and reproduction in aquatic taxa. ,, Such negative effects have also been observed across generations within populations chronically exposed to PFAS. , Yet, it remains unknown how chronic exposure to the tested PFAS-free AFFF might influence human and wildlife health, particularly at recommended application concentrations (3%).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Lastly, we found fathead minnow (LC50 96HR) and sheepshead minnow (LC50 48HR ) values to range between 3.6 and 944.6 and 5.1 and 76.5 mg/L, respectively. Previous studies have examined single species responses to multiple AFFF formulations. , For instance, water fleas ( D. similis ) exposed to seven commercially available AFFF formulations in South America, of which none overlap the current study, for 48 h were immobilized by <1% dilutions of the formulated products . Lethal concentration (LC50 96HR ) values for zebrafish ( Brachydanio rerio ) exposed to 14 unidentified AFFF concentrates ranged between 232.6 and 5501.0 mg/L .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Acute Toxicity of Eight Aqueous Film-Forming Foams to 14 Aquatic Species

Jones

Quinlin

Wigren

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Researchers have developed numerous per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-free aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) formulations to replace PFAS-containing AFFF used for fire suppression. As part of the Department of Defense’s Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), we examined the direct lethal effects of seven PFAS-free AFFF and a PFAS-containing AFFF on 14 aquatic species using a series of lethal concentration (LC50) tests. We assessed the LC10, LC50, and LC90 values using log–logistic and logit analyses. Across all aquatic species tested, we discovered that exposure to at least one PFAS-free AFFF was more or as toxic as exposure to the PFAS-containing AFFF. For most cases, National Foam Avio F3 Green KHC 3% and Buckeye Platinum Plus C6MILSPEC 3% were the most and least toxic formulations, respectively. Moreover, we found consistency among results from multiple experiments using the same minnow species (Pimephales promelas) and among closely related taxa (e.g., daphnids, amphibians). Lastly, the LC50 values for AFFF formulations trended lower for tested marine species as compared to those of freshwater species. These results dramatically increase the current knowledge on the potentially toxic effects of AFFF but also highlight the need for additional research and the development of new PFAS-free AFFF that are more “ecologically friendly” than those containing persistent PFAS.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Acute Toxicity of Eight Aqueous Film-Forming Foams to 14 Aquatic Species

Jones

Quinlin

Wigren

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The literature available on the toxicity of fire suppression agents reported as formulations, and not their individual constituents, is scarce. Silva et al (2019) evaluated the effects of the same compounds in the present study to D. similis and found similar toxicities when compared to the present study: 1 × 10 −5 % to F-500, 0.08% to Liovac, 0.027% to Agefoam, 0.036% to Cold Daphnia similis adjustment to the concentration addition and (B) Artemia sp. dose ratio deviation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Fire Suppression Agents Combined with Gasoline in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Mixture Approach

Daniel

Silva

Abessa

et al. 2020

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Fire suppression agents are recommended for extinguishing fires by flammable liquids and frequently end in water bodies, combined with the fuels. There is a lack of toxicity information on these commercial formulations and the effects of mixtures of fire suppression agents and fuels. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxic effects of different fire suppression agents, the gasoline water‐soluble fraction (GWSF), and mixtures of each fire suppression agent and GWSF. Individual tests were performed with Daphnia similis and Artemia sp.; the most toxic fire suppression agents to D. similis and Artemia sp. were F‐500®, Cold Fire®, Agefoam®, and Kidde Sintex® 1%; the GWSF was the least toxic. The concentration addition model was used to predict the mixture effects and evaluate synergism/antagonism, dose ratio dependence, and dose level dependence. Cold Fire with GWSF showed dose level deviation to D. similis, marked mainly by synergism; for Artemia sp., the dose ratio pattern was predicted, with a synergistic response mainly by Cold Fire. Agefoam and GWSF behaved additively for D. similis and dose ratio for Artemia sp., with synergism being caused by Agefoam. Kidde Sintex 1% with GWSF were dose ratio for both organisms, with Kidde Sintex 1% being responsible for synergism. Our results show that some mixtures of fire suppression agents and GWSF may cause toxicity to aquatic organisms, posing risk in a real environmental scenario, such as a major fire combat. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:767–779. © 2020 SETAC

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“…This has been a serious challenge for pre-PFAA research because humans are exposed to a wide range of pre-PFAAs, some with unknown structures or no available neat standards. To circumvent this issue, a handful of studies have used commercial products, such as AFFF formulations, to dose in vivo − and in vitro , models and measure known and novel transformation products. Others have used environmental samples containing complex PFAS mixtures .…”

Section: Future Perspectives and Paths Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widening the Lens on PFASs: Direct Human Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Acid Precursors (pre-PFAAs)

McDonough

Bischel

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Determining health risks associated with per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is a highly complex problem requiring massive efforts for scientists, risk assessors, and regulators. Among the most poorly understood pressing questions is the relative importance of pre-PFAAs, which are PFASs that degrade to highly persistent perfluoroalkyl acids. How many of the vast number of existing pre-PFAAs are relevant for direct human exposure, and what are the predominant exposure pathways? What evidence of direct exposure to pre-PFAAs is provided by human biomonitoring studies? How important are pre-PFAAs and their biotransformation products for human health risk assessment? This article outlines recent progress and recommendations toward widening the lens on human PFAS exposure to include the pre-PFAA subclass.

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Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFFs) Are Very Toxic to Aquatic Microcrustaceans

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

Acute Toxicity of Eight Aqueous Film-Forming Foams to 14 Aquatic Species

Acute Toxicity of Eight Aqueous Film-Forming Foams to 14 Aquatic Species

Fire Suppression Agents Combined with Gasoline in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Mixture Approach

Widening the Lens on PFASs: Direct Human Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Acid Precursors (pre-PFAAs)

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