Arctic environmental health problems

Alter, Amos J.; Wolman, Abel

doi:10.1080/10643387209381588

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…These objectives provide the fundamental basis for the evaluation and design of utilities. Although the objectives are the same in cold regions as in more temperate regions, the appropriate methods to achieve these objectives in cold regions may be unique (Alter, 1972). Furthermore, the socially appropriate, politically supported and economical solutions to achieve these objectives vary across 2-2 cold regions, even though the environmental constraints may be similar.…”

Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Planning and Management Considerations

Cameron¹,

Crum²,

Christensen³

1996

Cold Regions Utilities Monograph

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This section outlines planning and management considerations in providing water, wastewater and solid waste services (i.e., utilities) in cold regions, primarily within a community context. The objectives of utility services and the characteristics of various utility system options are outlined. Considerations in evaluating utility options are presented. As well, this section outlines general considerations that are common to various utility systems and facilities including site conditions, project management and operations and maintenance. Other sections of this monograph contain more detailed information on specific utility system components and facilities.Planning utilities in cold regions is important and challenging for the following reasons:• Utility systems provide a critical life support function with severe physical and social consequences of failure. 9The cost to construct and operate utilities is typically two to five times higher than in warmer climates, due to such factors as high energy costs, high transport costs, low temperature, permafrost and isolation. 9 Cold Regions Utilities Monograph Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by The University of Manchester on 11/21/14. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 9 increasing the quantity of water available; 9 improving the availability and accessibility of water and the convenience in using water; * improving personal hygiene; * implementing sanitary collection, treatment and disposal practices for excreta, greywater (washwater) and solid waste; and * controlling insect vectors (e.g., surface water management).Utility services and systems that the people do not effectively use will not protect health. Factors that influence use are:* perceptions and knowledge of the causes Qf illness and the benefits of water and sanitation services (Tester, 1976); * attitudes and perceptions of waste management and community living (Tester, 1976); 9 water use practices, i.e., personal hygiene (Martin, 1982); * acceptance of water quality, particularly chlorinated waters;* confidence in the service and system; * type of plumbing and appliances; and » ability and willingness to pay for services.Health protection and improvement depend on the type of utility system and the level of service. Providing a safe source of water within a community, but not delivery water to the homes, can improve health where the alternate water sources are distant or where local water sources are contaminated. However, health improvement is often limited for the following reasons:Cold Regions Utilities Monograph Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by The University of Manchester on 11/21/14.

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Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Planning and Management Considerations

Cameron¹,

Crum²,

Christensen³

1996

Cold Regions Utilities Monograph

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“…Furthermore, signiiicant problems in sanitary engineering arise, since chemical reactions are slow at low temperatures, and so decomposition and dilution rates of organic and inorganic waste products are reduced. The difficulty of limiting excessive heat loss, preventing freeze-thaw damage, and combating disease organisms causes costs of developing and maintaining adequate systems of sewage disposal to increase (Alter 1972a).…”

Section: The Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The establishment and maintenance of high standards of environmental quality remain major problems for settlements throughout northern North America (Alter 1972a;Grainge and Shaw 1971;Parran 1954). Most of them lack an adequate system of water supply and satisfactory means of disposal of sewage and solid waste.…”

Section: Introduction Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fairbanks: A Study of Environmental Quality

Pearson¹,

Smith²

1975

ARCTIC

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Fairbanks, Alaska is used as a w e study for assessing problems of environmental quality that may intensify or develop in rapidly expanding northern settlements. constraints imposed by site and situation are severe, although they have been partially overcome by highcost technological measures. Additionally, flood damage, inadequate community action, and high costs have led to poor housing conditions and a housing shortage. Dispal of solid, liquid and wastes, inadequately controlled in the past, has now become a serious problem. Enforcement of new health standards and the development of community-wide planning represent recent measuns to improve environmental quality. Rf?SUM&. A Fairbanks, U M dtude sur la qualift du milieu. Fairbanks, Alaska, sert aux auteurs comme 6tude de cas, pour 6valuer les problhmes de qualité de l'environnement qui devraient s'intensifia ou se développer dans les communautb urbaines nordiques en expansion rapide. Les contraintes qu'imposent le site et la situation sont s6v&res, bien que des mesures technologiques tr&s milteuses les aient partiellement surmonth. De plus, les inondations, l'action inadhuate des com-munaut& et les coOts ClevC ont men6 2t une pauvreté et une rareté du logement. Mal contri316e par le pas&, l'6vacuation des dkhets solides, liquides et gazeux est maintenant devenue un problhme s6rieux. La mise en force de nouveaux standards de sant6 et le dCveloppement d'une p l d c a t i o n a l'tkhelle de la communaut6 sont des mesures r6centm pour am6liorer la qualit6 du milieu.

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Cold region environmental concerns

Alter¹

1990

Critical Reviews in Environmental Control

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Arctic environmental health problems

Cited by 3 publications

References 26 publications

Planning and Management Considerations

Planning and Management Considerations

Fairbanks: A Study of Environmental Quality

Cold region environmental concerns

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