Arctic Ocean CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; uptake: an improved multi-year estimate of the air–sea CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; flux incorporating chlorophyll-a concentrations

Yasunaka, Sayaka; Siswanto, Eko; Olsen, Are; Hoppema, Mario; Watanabe, Eiji; Fransson, Agneta; Chierici, Melissa; Murata, Akihiko; Lauvset, Siv K.; Wanninkhof, Rik; Takahashi, Toshiyuki; Kosugi, Naohiro; Omar, Abdirahman M; Heuven, S. van; Mathis, Jeremy T.

doi:10.5194/bg-2017-320

Cited by 8 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Recently, Yasunaka et al. (2018) mapped all available pCO 2 observations in this region and determined an annual uptake of 180 ± 130 Mt C/yr over 1997–2014, including also the Bering Sea. We extracted fluxes for the Polar Sea and Barents Sea as defined here (Figure 1) from the mapped data published by Yasunaka et al.…”

Section: Review Of Relevant Processes and Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nordic Seas Heat Loss, Atlantic Inflow, and Arctic Sea Ice Cover Over the Last Century

Smedsrud

Muilwijk

Brakstad

et al. 2021

Reviews of Geophysics

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Poleward ocean heat transport is a key process in the earth system. We detail and review the northward Atlantic Water (AW) flow, Arctic Ocean heat transport, and heat loss to the atmosphere since 1900 in relation to sea ice cover. Our synthesis is largely based on a sea ice‐ocean model forced by a reanalysis atmosphere (1900–2018) corroborated by a comprehensive hydrographic database (1950–), AW inflow observations (1996–), and other long‐term time series of sea ice extent (1900–), glacier retreat (1984–), and Barents Sea hydrography (1900–). The Arctic Ocean, including the Nordic and Barents Seas, has warmed since the 1970s. This warming is congruent with increased ocean heat transport and sea ice loss and has contributed to the retreat of marine‐terminating glaciers on Greenland. Heat loss to the atmosphere is largest in the Nordic Seas (60% of total) with large variability linked to the frequency of Cold Air Outbreaks and cyclones in the region, but there is no long‐term statistically significant trend. Heat loss from the Barents Sea (∼30%) and Arctic seas farther north (∼10%) is overall smaller, but exhibit large positive trends. The AW inflow, total heat loss to the atmosphere, and dense outflow have all increased since 1900. These are consistently related through theoretical scaling, but the AW inflow increase is also wind‐driven. The Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake has increased by ∼30% over the last century—consistent with Arctic sea ice loss allowing stronger air‐sea interaction and is ∼8% of the global uptake.

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Section: Review Of Relevant Processes and Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nordic Seas Heat Loss, Atlantic Inflow, and Arctic Sea Ice Cover Over the Last Century

Smedsrud

Muilwijk

Brakstad

et al. 2021

Reviews of Geophysics

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“…We believe the broader uptake seasons for Boreal North America, Europe, and Russia, leading to stronger early summer land uptake in the case of VISIT a priori, caused positive CO 2 flux seasonality for the Northern Ocean. Even for the gc3t inversion case, we find the peak in the seasonal cycle in the summer season, when the oceanic biosphere activity is at its peak and pCO 2 in water is lower in summer than in the winter (Goto et al, 2017;Yasunaka et al, 2018). It is not easy to put forward a hypothesis for the weaker sink in summer than in winter of the Northern Ocean, while we can speculate that the atmospheric CO 2 decrease in polar air due to the strongest flux seasonal cycle on boreal land (Fig.…”

Section: Mean Seasonal Cycles Of Regional Co 2 Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…9a, f, j) exceeds the decrease that occurs over the surface seawater and reduced solubility of CO 2 in warmer water. Indeed, Yasunaka et al (2018) have shown that the Greenland-Norwegian seas and the Barents Sea indeed act as a milder sink of CO 2 (flux = −4 to −5 mmol m −2 d −1 ) during June-August compared to the October-March (flux = −10 to −15 mmol m −2 d −1 ), and the Chukchi Sea and Arctic Ocean show the strongest uptake in October. Thus, as a whole, the Northern Ocean of our study could act as the weakest sink in the summer months.…”

Section: Mean Seasonal Cycles Of Regional Co 2 Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated regional CO₂flux and uncertainty based on an ensemble of atmospheric CO₂inversions

et al. 2022

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Abstract. Global and regional sources and sinks of carbon across the earth's surface have been studied extensively using atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) observations and atmospheric chemistry-transport model (ACTM) simulations (top-down/inversion method). However, the uncertainties in the regional flux distributions remain unconstrained due to the lack of high-quality measurements, uncertainties in model simulations, and representation of data and flux errors in the inversion systems. Here, we assess the representation of data and flux errors using a suite of 16 inversion cases derived from a single transport model (MIROC4-ACTM) but different sets of a priori (bottom-up) terrestrial biosphere and oceanic fluxes, as well as prior flux and observational data uncertainties (50 sites) to estimate CO2 fluxes for 84 regions over the period 2000–2020. The inversion ensembles provide a mean flux field that is consistent with the global CO2 growth rate, land and ocean sink partitioning of −2.9 ± 0.3 (± 1σ uncertainty on the ensemble mean) and −1.6 ± 0.2 PgC yr−1, respectively, for the period 2011–2020 (without riverine export correction), offsetting about 22 %–33 % and 16 %–18 % of global fossil fuel CO2 emissions. The rivers carry about 0.6 PgC yr−1 of land sink into the deep ocean, and thus the effective land and ocean partitioning is −2.3 ± 0.3 and −2.2 ± 0.3, respectively. Aggregated fluxes for 15 land regions compare reasonably well with the best estimations for the 2000s (∼ 2000–2009), given by the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP), and all regions appeared as a carbon sink over 2011–2020. Interannual variability and seasonal cycle in CO2 fluxes are more consistently derived for two distinct prior fluxes when a greater degree of freedom (increased prior flux uncertainty) is given to the inversion system. We have further evaluated the inversion fluxes using meridional CO2 distributions from independent (not used in the inversions) aircraft and surface measurements, suggesting that the ensemble mean flux (model–observation mean ± 1σ standard deviation = −0.3 ± 3 ppm) is best suited for global and regional CO2 flux budgets than an individual inversion (model–observation 1σ standard deviation = −0.35 ± 3.3 ppm). Using the ensemble mean fluxes and uncertainties for 15 land and 11 ocean regions at 5-year intervals, we show promise in the capability to track flux changes toward supporting the ongoing and future CO2 emission mitigation policies.

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“…Annual methane emissions of the region vary from 0.0 to 4.5 Tg CH 4 yr −1 estimated by Berchet et al (2016). Yasunaka et al (2018) estimated the monthly air-sea CO 2 fluxes in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas located north of 60 • N for the period 1997-2014 and ended up at a net annual Arctic Ocean CO 2 uptake of 180 ± 130 Tg C yr −1 .…”

Section: Ocean Floor and Sediments: Composition And Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Operational sea ice analysis is increasingly important for Arctic shipping and navigation (Lei et al, 2015;Karvonen et al, 2017). New results on rare elements, mineral composition and CO 2 and methane fluxes associated with ocean sediments have been attained (Maslov et al, 2018b;Yasunaka et al, 2018). This serves as important information for mitigation plans as well as for new estimates of the river runoff and discharge in Russian rivers into the Arctic seas (Grigoriev and Frolova, 2018;Agafonova et al, 2017).…”

Section: Future Research Needs From the System Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China – a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective

et al. 2022

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Abstract. The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) Science Plan, released in 2015, addressed a need for a holistic system understanding and outlined the most urgent research needs for the rapidly changing Arctic-boreal region. Air quality in China, together with the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants, was also indicated as one of the most crucial topics of the research agenda. These two geographical regions, the northern Eurasian Arctic-boreal region and China, especially the megacities in China, were identified as a “PEEX region”. It is also important to recognize that the PEEX geographical region is an area where science-based policy actions would have significant impacts on the global climate. This paper summarizes results obtained during the last 5 years in the northern Eurasian region, together with recent observations of the air quality in the urban environments in China, in the context of the PEEX programme. The main regions of interest are the Russian Arctic, northern Eurasian boreal forests (Siberia) and peatlands, and the megacities in China. We frame our analysis against research themes introduced in the PEEX Science Plan in 2015. We summarize recent progress towards an enhanced holistic understanding of the land–atmosphere–ocean systems feedbacks. We conclude that although the scientific knowledge in these regions has increased, the new results are in many cases insufficient, and there are still gaps in our understanding of large-scale climate–Earth surface interactions and feedbacks. This arises from limitations in research infrastructures, especially the lack of coordinated, continuous and comprehensive in situ observations of the study region as well as integrative data analyses, hindering a comprehensive system analysis. The fast-changing environment and ecosystem changes driven by climate change, socio-economic activities like the China Silk Road Initiative, and the global trends like urbanization further complicate such analyses. We recognize new topics with an increasing importance in the near future, especially “the enhancing biological sequestration capacity of greenhouse gases into forests and soils to mitigate climate change” and the “socio-economic development to tackle air quality issues”.

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Arctic Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> uptake: an improved multi-year estimate of the air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux incorporating chlorophyll-a concentrations

Abstract: 28We estimated monthly air-sea CO 2 fluxes in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas

Cited by 8 publications

References 1 publication

Nordic Seas Heat Loss, Atlantic Inflow, and Arctic Sea Ice Cover Over the Last Century

Nordic Seas Heat Loss, Atlantic Inflow, and Arctic Sea Ice Cover Over the Last Century

Estimated regional CO₂flux and uncertainty based on an ensemble of atmospheric CO₂inversions

Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China – a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective

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Arctic Ocean CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; uptake: an improved multi-year estimate of the air–sea CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; flux incorporating chlorophyll-a concentrations

Abstract: 28We estimated monthly air-sea CO 2 fluxes in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas

Cited by 8 publications

References 1 publication

Nordic Seas Heat Loss, Atlantic Inflow, and Arctic Sea Ice Cover Over the Last Century

Nordic Seas Heat Loss, Atlantic Inflow, and Arctic Sea Ice Cover Over the Last Century

Estimated regional CO2flux and uncertainty based on an ensemble of atmospheric CO2inversions

Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China – a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Arctic Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> uptake: an improved multi-year estimate of the air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux incorporating chlorophyll-a concentrations

Estimated regional CO₂flux and uncertainty based on an ensemble of atmospheric CO₂inversions