Are children's vitamin D levels and BMI associated with antibody titers produced in response to 2014–2015 influenza vaccine?

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D is an immunomodulating hormone, which has been associated with susceptibility to infectious diseases.Methods: Serum vitamin D levels in 135 children ages 3-17 y were measured at baseline and hemagglutinin influenza antibody titers were measured pre-and 21 d post influenza vaccination with live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) or inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV). Height and weight were derived from the electronic medical record and were used to calculate body mass index (BMI).Results: Thirty-nine percent of children were ages 3-8 years; 75% were black, 34% were obese (BMI 95 th percentile); vitamin D levels were >20 ng/ml in 55%. In linear regression analyses, post vaccination antibody titers for LAIV B lineages (B Brisbane and B Massachusetts) were significantly higher among those with lower vitamin D levels and among younger participants (P < 0.05). No associations between vitamin D levels and responses to LAIV A strains (A/H1N1 and A/H3N2) or to any IIV strains or lineages were found.Conclusion: Low vitamin D levels were associated with higher response to LAIV B lineages in the 2014-2015 LAIV, but not related to LAIV A or any IIV strains.

Factors That Influence the Immune Response to Vaccination

“…In adults, there is no association between vitamin D levels or administration of vitamin D and antibody responses to TIV (467)(468)(469). In children, some studies find no association between vitamin D levels or administration of vitamin D and antibody responses to TIV (470,471), while others show a trend toward decreased SPRs against TIV in children with vitamin D deficiency (472). In contrast, after vaccination with LAIV, higher antibody responses against two influenza B virus strains were observed in children with low vitamin D levels, while there was no association between vitamin D levels and GMTs against the A strain of the LAIV vaccine (471).…”

Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: a roadmap for action in low‐ and middle‐income countries

“…Several studies have investigated the potential impact of vitamin D status on vaccine response, including influenza and BCG vaccines, with mixed findings. Additional research is required to clarify these relationships and to determine whether high‐dose vitamin D codelivered with vaccines hinders, enhances, or has no effect on the safety and long‐term effectiveness of childhood immunizations.…”

Vitamin D bring immunological protection in a pandemic response to Gripal viruses? A critical analysis

“…The mediation of hydroxylation in the liver occurs by several enzymes known as 25-hydroxylase, the most important being known as CYP2R1 which is a type I of P450 enzyme [5]. And after this hydroxylation the 25 (OH) D is transported to the rins and undergoes a second hydroxylation, in the proximal renal tubule by the action of the mitochondrial enzyme 1-α-hydroxylase (CY2P27B1) and this enzyme is responsible for the conversion of the 25 (OH) D in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25 (OH) 2D] [5] the well-known active hormone responsible for the biological conduct of Vitamin D [11][12][13]. And that immune response to viral or bacterial infectious agents is complex and in luenced by increasing numbers related to biological and metabolic factors [8,12].…”

“…In previous studies, it is possible to verify that levels below 20 ng/ml of Vitamin D in blood serum are associated with a lower antibody response in viral infections [11][12][13], however, there is already evidence that the low level of Vitamin D is related to the appearance from autoimmune diseases, for example, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and type I diabetes [14].…”