“…The effects of public attention on crude oil and gold prices may vary according to investment strategies and horizons, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, which motivates us to employ time-frequency analysis. Besides, time-frequency dependence has been demonstrated to exist between crude oil and gold markets ( Hu et al, 2020 ; Hung and Vo, 2021 ; Li et al, 2021 ; Ding et al, 2021 ), between investor attention and crude oil markets ( Abdelhedi and Boujebene-Abbes, 2020 ; Chen et al, 2022 ), as well as between investor attention and gold markets ( Su and Li, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ), but limited research on the public attention, crude oil and gold markets during the COVID-19 pandemic ( Zhang et al, 2022 ; Tuna and Tuna, 2022 ). Therefore, our research adopts the wavelet analysis and time-frequency domain causality method to investigate the possible nonlinear relationship between public attention to the COVID-19 pandemic, oil and gold markets across time and frequency.…”