Are exercise social-cognitive factors and behaviours different for adults with diabetes? A randomized community sample

Abstract

Exercise plays a key role in the prevention and delay of the onset of Type 2 diabetes and in the management of this disorder. To determine if there are differences in key social-cognitive determinants of exercise and self-reported physical activity levels between adults with diabetes and those without the condition, a random selected sample of adults was surveyed. A telephone interview assessed physical activity behaviour and key social-cognitive constructs from major health behaviour change theories/models. The mean energy expenditure was not significantly different between the diabetes (n = 46) and the non-diabetes (n = 1556) groups. The diabetes group reported significantly lower scores for self-efficacy and perceived behavioural control, but higher for fear of, and vulnerability to, general health and cardiovascular disease threat. The data suggest that it may not be necessary to promote health threat messages, as threat is already high for this diabetes population and studies have shown that excess threat does not promote recommended exercise and health behaviours. Instead, the low levels of self-efficacy and perceived behavioural control among those with diabetes emphasize the importance of designing specific strategies (e.g., skills, incremental success) to increase their self-confidence in undertaking physical activity.

Correlates of Physical Activity Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Literature Review

“…Upon critical review, studies were excluded for the following result: participants were younger than 18 years of age; physical activity was not part of the study; and studies that examined interventions. This left 18 articles for this review [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] ; 16 studies were cross-sectional, [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]24,26,[28][29][30] and 3 were prospective. 23,25,27 Furthermore, 2 of the crosssectional studies used in-depth qualitative interview analyses.…”

“…Only 3 studies used the same activity measure: the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire. [25][26][27] Five studies reported the reliability and validity of their measurement tool, 14,18,22,25,26 and 9 studies failed to comment on the validity or reliability of their physical activity measurement. 13,15,17,[19][20][21][28][29][30] Poor weather (2) Ferrand et al 15 N/A Body image (þ) Social support (þ ) Glasgow et al 16 Education level (þ ) Perceived barriers (þ) N/A Disease status/severity (2) Perceived behavioral control (þ ) Grace et al 17 Age (þ ) Self-efficacy (þ) N/A Disease status/severity (2) Hays and Clark 18 Age (2) Perceived barriers (2) N/A Education level (þ ) Knowledge (0) Disease status/severity (2) Krug et al 19 Age (þ ) Perceived behavioral control (þ ) Social support (þ ) Lawton et al 20 Female gender (2) Perceived barriers (2) Availability of facilities (þ ) Disease status/severity (2)…”

“…Poor weather (2) Pearte et al 21 BMI (2) Perceived barriers (2) N/A Age (0) Body image (þ) Education level (0) Income (þ ) Plotnikoff et al 22 N/A Self-efficacy (þ) N/A Perceived behavioral control (þ ) Knowledge (0) Plotnikoff et al 23 N/A Self-efficacy (þ) Social support (þ ) Poor weather (2) Plotnikoff et al 24 N/A Intention (þ ) Social support (þ ) Attitude (þ) Plotnikoff et al 25 N/A Self-efficacy (þ) N/A Plotnikoff et al 26 BMI (2) Perceived barriers (2) N/A Age (2) Perceived behavioral control (þ ) Female gender (2) Income (þ ) Education level (þ ) Disease status/severity (2) Sweet et al 27 N/A Self-efficacy (þ) N/A Autonomous motivation (þ ) Swift et al 28 N/A Perceived barriers (2) Poor weather (2) Attitude (þ) Body image (þ) Thomas et al 29 Age (2) Perceived barriers (2) Availability of facilities (2) Poor weather (2) White et al 30 N/A Perceived barriers (2) N/A Perceived behavioral control (þ ) a N/A indicates not applicable; BMI, body mass index. þ ¼ positive association; 2 ¼ negative association; 0 ¼ no association.…”

Physical Activity and Stages of Change: A Longitudinal Test in Types 1 and 2 Diabetes Samples

“…Health factors were assessed using previously published self-report measures [33,34] to determine diabetes type, height and weight (used to calculate body mass index, BMI); daily use of insulin or oral antihyperglycemic medication.…”

A comparison of physical activity-related social-cognitive factors between those with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and diabetes free adults

“…This study however did not explore several other important psychosocial constructs from key socialcognitive models. The other study (Plotnikoff, Brez, & Brunet, 2003) was an exploratory investigation of a small sample of 46 adults with diabetes and 1550 adults without diabetes which examined key psychosocial constructs from major social-cognitive theories. Both of the above studies however did not discriminate between T1D and T2D, which is an important consideration given the different aetiology and pathology (Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, 2003) and physical activity levels (Plotnikoff et al, 2006) between these two diabetes groups.…”