Are large dinners associated with excess weight, and does eating a smaller dinner achieve greater weight loss? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Fong, Mackenzie; Caterson, Ian D.; Madigan, Claire

doi:10.1017/s0007114517002550

Cited by 63 publications

(64 citation statements)

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“…In addition, food consumption between meals increases, with evidence of higher consumption of foods of low nutritional value [17]. Moreover, increased risk of obesity and related health conditions have been associated with breakfast skipping and late-night eating [18][19][20], indicating morning energy intake may have substantial health benefits [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Patterns of Breakfast Consumption Among Chilean University Students

Díaz-Torrente

Dourado

2020

Nutrients

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Breakfast is one of the most important meals of the day. A good quality breakfast must include dairy products, cereals, and fruits. The aim of this study is to determine breakfast dietary patterns and their nutritional quality among Chilean university students. A cross-sectional non-probabilistic study was conducted in 200 university students between 18 and 27 years in Santiago, Chile. To identify dietary patterns and breakfast quality, a breakfast food survey was conducted. Patterns were identified by factor analysis. Most of the subjects (53%) ate breakfast daily, with a higher prevalence among females (60.2% vs. 43.7%, p < 0.05); 68% did not consume fruits and 17.5% had good breakfast quality, with no differences by sex. Four breakfast dietary patterns were identified: “dairy & cereals”, “healthy”, “traditional salty” and “traditional sweet” that together explained 35.6% of the total variance. There was no sex difference in predominant dietary patterns. The “dairy & cereals” and “traditional sweet” patterns were associated with regularly eating breakfast (β: −0.47, p = 0.001; β: −0.32, p = 0.020) and the “healthy” pattern with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (β: 0.35, p = 0.024). In conclusion, breakfast quality was inadequate due to low fruit consumption and energy intake. The four identified patterns included cereals, bread, dairy, fats and sugars. Results may be usual in the planning of future interventions aimed at improving breakfast consumption and quality in university students.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Patterns of Breakfast Consumption Among Chilean University Students

Díaz-Torrente

Dourado

2020

Nutrients

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“…A recent meta‐analysis of observational studies demonstrated an association between evening energy consumption and higher BMI (Fong et al . ) and McHill et al . () found that, on average, obese individuals consumed most of their calories an hour closer to melatonin onset (biological marker of impending sleep onset) compared to lean individuals.…”

Section: Timing Of Eating (Calorie Distribution): Effects On Energy Bmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…; Fong et al . ), indicating morning energy intake may have substantial health benefits. A recent meta‐analysis of observational studies demonstrated an association between evening energy consumption and higher BMI (Fong et al .…”

Section: Timing Of Eating (Calorie Distribution): Effects On Energy Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Misalignment between normal feed/fast, day/night and sleep/wake cycles may desynchronise central and peripheral regulations of metabolic processes and contribute to obesity and metabolic disorders (Scheer et al 2009;Antunes et al 2010). Increased risk of obesity and related health conditions has been associated with breakfast skipping and late night feeding (Ma et al 2003;Cleator et al 2012;Fong et al 2017), indicating morning energy intake may have substantial health benefits. A recent meta-analysis of observational studies demonstrated an association between evening energy consumption and higher BMI (Fong et al 2017) and McHill et al (2017) found that, on average, obese individuals consumed most of their calories an hour closer to melatonin onset (biological marker of impending sleep onset) compared to lean individuals.…”

Section: Timing Of Eating (Calorie Distribution): Effects On Energy Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased risk of obesity and related health conditions has been associated with breakfast skipping and late night feeding (Ma et al 2003;Cleator et al 2012;Fong et al 2017), indicating morning energy intake may have substantial health benefits. A recent meta-analysis of observational studies demonstrated an association between evening energy consumption and higher BMI (Fong et al 2017) and McHill et al (2017) found that, on average, obese individuals consumed most of their calories an hour closer to melatonin onset (biological marker of impending sleep onset) compared to lean individuals. In addition to significantly increasing the risk of obesity, a recent study observed that acute breakfast omission altered clock genes expression and resulted in an increased postprandial glycaemic response (Jakubowicz et al 2017).…”

Section: Timing Of Eating (Calorie Distribution): Effects On Energy Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Big Breakfast Study: Chrono‐nutrition influence on energy expenditure and bodyweight

et al. 2018

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A growing body of evidence highlights the importance of the biological clock as a modulator of energy balance and metabolism. Recent studies in humans have shown that ingested calories are apparently utilised more efficiently in the morning than in the evening and this is manifest through improved weight loss, even under iso‐energetic calorie intake. The mechanisms behind this enhanced morning energy metabolism are not yet clear, although it may result from behavioural adaptations or circadian driven variations in physiology and energy metabolism. A major objective of the newly funded Big Breakfast Study therefore is to investigate the mechanistic basis of this amplified morning thermogenesis leading to enhanced weight loss, by exploring behavioural and physiological adaptations in energy expenditure alongside the underlying circadian biology. This report briefly discusses the current research linking meal timing, circadian rhythms and metabolism; highlights the research gaps; and provides an overview of the studies being undertaken as part of the Medical Research Council‐funded Big Breakfast Study.

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Meal Timing and Anthropometric and Metabolic Outcomes

Liu,

Eso,

Cook

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceMeal timing strategies, such as time-restricted eating (TRE), reducing meal frequency, or altering calorie distribution across the day, have gained interest for their potential to enhance weight loss and metabolic health, particularly in managing chronic diseases, yet their long-term benefits are not known.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between meal timing strategies (≥12 weeks) and anthropometric and metabolic indicators.Data SourcesMedline, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from inception to October 17, 2023.Study SelectionRandomized clinical trials, regardless of language and publication date, involving adults 18 years and older, evaluating within-day meal timing patterns for 12 or more weeks, and reporting anthropometric measures were included. Studies were excluded if participants had eating disorders, prior significant weight change, underwent bariatric surgery, were pregnant, or if controlled variables differed between groups.Data Extraction and SynthesisStudy quality was determined via Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Data were extracted independently by multiple reviewers. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines were used. Meta-analysis was performed using random-effects model on pooled continuous outcomes with 2 or more studies.Main Outcome and MeasuresWeight change in kilograms, reported as between-group mean difference with 95% CIs.ResultsSixty-nine reports of 29 randomized clinical trials including 2485 individuals (1703 [69%] female; mean [SD] age, 44 [9.5] years; and mean [SD] body mass index, 33 [3.5]) were included. Study interventions included TRE (17 studies), meal frequency (8 studies), and calorie distribution (4 studies). There were some concerns of risk of bias for 7 studies and high concerns for 22 studies. Statistically significant weight change was observed in TRE when compared with control (–1.37 kg; 95% CI, –1.99 to –0.75 kg). Lower meal frequency and earlier caloric distribution were also both associated with greater change (–1.85 kg; 95% CI, –3.55 to –0.13 kg; and –1.75 kg; 95% CI, –2.37 to –1.13 kg, respectively).Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this meta-analysis suggest that TRE, lower meal frequency, and earlier caloric distribution in the day may reduce weight compared with standard care and/or nutritional advice; however, the effect sizes found were small and of uncertain clinical importance. High heterogeneity and risk of bias among included studies led to concerns about the certainty of the underpinning evidence. Further research, including trials with larger sample sizes, standardized interventions with prescribed or matched energy intake, and longer follow-up, are needed.

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Are large dinners associated with excess weight, and does eating a smaller dinner achieve greater weight loss? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 63 publications

References 46 publications

Dietary Patterns of Breakfast Consumption Among Chilean University Students

Dietary Patterns of Breakfast Consumption Among Chilean University Students

The Big Breakfast Study: Chrono‐nutrition influence on energy expenditure and bodyweight

Meal Timing and Anthropometric and Metabolic Outcomes

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