Are metal mining effluent regulations adequate: identification of a novel bleached fish syndrome in association with iron-ore mining effluents in Labrador, Newfoundland

Evaluation of the Effect of Sidoarjo Mud on Aquatic Life Using Chromatophores and the Microstructure of Fish Scales

“…Moreover, the high concentration of iron in the downstream stations might be accumulated in the fish body. The excess of iron increasing the redox-active material in cells has the potential to cause oxidative damage to cellular constituents, which generates skin bleaching syndrome (Payne et al 2001). Iron excess also leads to the degeneration and death of neuronal cells (Udipi et al 2012).…”

“…collagen, organic matrix and calcium (Kapoor & Khanna 2004;Promwikorn et al 2005), similar responses of the scale to aluminium are possible. Skin bleaching syndrome was found in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) near a large iron-ore contaminated lake in Labrador (Payne et al 2001). Several in vitro studies on the effect of heavy metals on the scale chromatophores indicated that cadmium and arsenic had adverse effects on scale morphology as well as on the number and mobility of melanophores.…”

Endocrine disruption in the pituitary of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) caged in a lake contaminated with iron-ore mine tailings

“…In Lake Wabush a plume of 7-10 km iron coloration is visible, caused by the dumping of iron-ore mine tailings from a plant processing ores composed mainly of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and specular hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) (Payne et al, 1998(Payne et al, , 2001. The reference lake, Lake Shabogamo, connected to Lake Wabush by a narrow shallow passage and located about 30 km downstream from the mine site, is not visibly contaminated.…”

“…Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Wabush displayed bleached fish syndrome and other pathologies, as well as elevated levels of DNA oxidative damage and reduced levels of vitamin A in liver tissues in comparison with trout taken in a downstream reference lake (Payne et al, 1998(Payne et al, , 2001. In addition, rat and salmon liver microsomes exposed to Wabush iron-ore standard revealed induced ascorbic acid dependent lipid peroxidation and decreased cytochrome c reductase (Hamoutene et al, 2000).…”

Iron

“…Accordingly, fractional mobilization of As, Cu, Pb, and Zn to a variety of vegetables grown on iron-rich pyrite-(FeS 2 )-roasting slag was significantly less than from control soil (Bunzl et al 2001), and artificial contamination with iron-oxide wastes reduced Cd and Pb mobilization to maize and barley in pot experiments (Chlopecka and Adriano 1997). However, high iron levels in contaminated lakes caused marked skin bleaching in trout; this effect was associated with increased DNA oxidative damage and depleted vitamin A levels (Payne et al 2001). However, high iron levels in contaminated lakes caused marked skin bleaching in trout; this effect was associated with increased DNA oxidative damage and depleted vitamin A levels (Payne et al 2001).…”