Are one or two dangerous? Methyl salicylate exposure in toddlers

Davis, Jonathan E.

doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2006.08.009

Cited by 52 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…MeSa is also an ingredient in over-the-counter topical creams for the relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains (Chan 1996a,b;Higashi et al 2010). Excess intake of MeSa could be life threatening probably due to severe, rapid-onset salicylate poisoning (Chan 1996a,b;Davis 2007). The broad effects of MeSa on animals warrant a detailed study of the underlying biological mechanisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropeptide Receptors NPR-1 and NPR-2 RegulateCaenorhabditis elegansAvoidance Response to the Plant Stress Hormone Methyl Salicylate

Luo¹,

Xu²,

Tan

et al. 2014

Genetics

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Methyl salicylate (MeSa) is a stress hormone released by plants under attack by pathogens or herbivores . MeSa has been shown to attract predatory insects of herbivores and repel pests. The molecules and neurons underlying animal response to MeSa are not known. Here we found that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits a strong avoidance response to MeSa, which requires the activities of two closely related neuropeptide receptors NPR-1 and NPR-2. Molecular analyses suggest that NPR-1 expressed in the RMG inter/motor neurons is required for MeSa avoidance. An NPR-1 ligand FLP-18 is also required. Using a rescuing npr-2 promoter to drive a GFP transgene, we identified that NPR-2 is expressed in multiple sensory and interneurons. Genetic rescue experiments suggest that NPR-2 expressed in the AIZ interneurons is required for MeSa avoidance. We also provide evidence that the AWB sensory neurons might act upstream of RMGs and AIZs to detect MeSa. Our results suggest that NPR-2 has an important role in regulating animal behavior and that NPR-1 and NPR-2 act on distinct interneurons to affect C. elegans avoidance response to MeSa. KEYWORDS C. elegans; methyl salicylate; npr-1; npr-2; interneuron P LANTS emit odorants that can affect animal behaviors. The identification of the molecules and neurons regulating these behaviors remains a central task for understanding an animal's nervous system.Methyl salicylate (MeSa) is a volatile stress hormone released by plants when infected by pathogens (Park et al. Caenorhabditis elegans has been an efficient model for studying the molecular and neural mechanisms underlying odorant-elicited behaviors (Bargmann 2006(Bargmann , 2012. Specifically, the detailed description of the neural connections by reconstructing serial-section electron microscopic pictures of the animals (White et al. 1986) provides a unique map for dissecting the neural correlates of each individual behavior. A combination of the neural connection diagram with molecular analyses will likely eventually lead to a systematic understanding of the neural regulation of a behavior, from key regulatory molecules to signaling integration in neural circuits. Several examples of such efforts include the dissection of a hub-and-spoke circuit that controls C. elegans social behavior ), the thermotaxis circuit (Kimata et al. 2012), the circuit that generates long-lasting roaming and dwelling states , the mechanosensation circuit (Chalfie et al. 1985), and the behavioral quiescence circuit (Choi et al. 2013). We found that C. elegans strongly avoids MeSa, suggesting that this animal can be used for studying the molecular and neuronal mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of MeSa. In this study we identified multiple genes important for the behavior and analyzed in detail how neuropeptide receptors NPR-1 and NPR-2 and neuropeptide FLP-18 act in different neurons to affect the avoidance behavior. Materials and MethodsStrains are listed in Supporting Information, File S1.MeSa avoidance assay C. elegans avoidance...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropeptide Receptors NPR-1 and NPR-2 RegulateCaenorhabditis elegansAvoidance Response to the Plant Stress Hormone Methyl Salicylate

Luo¹,

Xu²,

Tan

et al. 2014

Genetics

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“…Salicylates are a group of pharmacologic agents which includes aspirin, bismuth salicylate, and local skin preparations such as salicylic acid and methyl salicylate (topical preparations occasionally cause toxicity if used excessively or in patients with skin damage leading to increased absorption) [10, 52, 53]. …”

Section: Renal Replacement Therapy In the Management Of Specific Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Renal Replacement Therapy in the Management of Pharmacologic Poisonings

Mirrakhimov

Barbaryan

Gray

et al. 2016

International Journal of Nephrology

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Pharmacologic toxicities are common and range from mild to life-threatening. The aim of this study is to review and update the data on the role of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the management of various pharmacologic poisonings. We aim to provide a focused review on the role of RRT in the management of pharmacological toxicities. Relevant publications were searched in MEDLINE with the following search terms alone or in combination: pharmacologic toxicity, hemodialysis, hemofiltration, renal replacement therapy, toxicology, poisonings, critical illness, and intensive care. The studies showed that a pharmacologic substance should meet several prerequisites to be deemed dialyzable. These variables include having a low molecular weight (<500 Da) and low degree of protein binding (<80%), being water-soluble, and having a low volume of distribution (<1 L/kg). RRT should be strongly considered in critically ill patients presenting with toxic alcohol ingestion, salicylate overdose, severe valproic acid toxicity, metformin overdose, and lithium poisoning. The role of RRT in other pharmacologic toxicities is less certain and should be considered on a case-by-case basis.

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“…Special category such as the extremes of age, pregnancy and lactation are more vulnerable to harm from drugs including OTCs. 15 There can be dangerous or life-threatening drug interactions between two OTCs or between OTC and a prescription drug which is prescribed for another ailment. Sometimes OTCs drug which are used to treat two different conditions may contain overlapping active ingredient.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of package insert guidelines for drugs accessible as over the counter drugs

Jha

Joshi

Hishikar

et al. 2018

Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol

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INTRODUCTIONIn order to save time and money, people prefer to selfmedicate themselves for minor ailments like fever, pain, cough, and gastrointestinal disturbances.1 It starts with the home remedies and if it doesn't work, they tend towards the medical shop or internet to find a suitable treatment. Patients receive information regarding drugs from the pharmacists, drug labels, package inserts available with the drugs and internet. 2,3 In India most of the pharmacists are not well trained and internet is neither reliable nor accessible to everyone. This makes package inserts an important and reliable source of information of the drug for the pharmacists and the patients. Even when there is a doctor patient interaction, patient receives oral instructions from the doctor, but it can be missed, forgotten or misunderstood . 4 In these cases also package inserts play a crucial role as they provide written and well-informed instructions which help in the efficacious use of the drug.As per Indian pharmacopoeia, package inserts are part of label which provides information on the article.5 As per ABSTRACT Background: As per Indian pharmacopoeia, package inserts are part of a label that provides information on the article. It may be the sole source of information for drugs, which are available in the pharmacies without the prescription and it may include both prescription and over the counter (OTC) drugs. So, to aid in safety and efficacy of these drugs, package inserts must follow the standard guidelines (The Drugs and Cosmetics rule, 1945). The objective of this study was to observe the status of the standard guidelines for package insert in drugs accessible as OTC drugs. Methods: Based on the inquiries made with pharmacies, list of drugs commonly bought without prescription was made. 256 drugs were evaluated. Their package inserts were observed for the extent to which the guidelines given by The Drugs and Cosmetics rule 1945, section 6.2 and 6.3 are being followed. Secondary objectives were made to assess if package inserts are physician friendly or patients friendly.Results: Package inserts were missing in 180 (70%) of the drugs. Therapeutic indications were present in 71% of the available package inserts (76). Pharmaceutical information was given in 57% of the package inserts. English was the preferred language and medicinal terms were used. Only one package insert was patient friendly. Conclusions: Package inserts should be made available in every drug. There should be a separate patient oriented package insert guideline, as per US food and drug administration (FDA), in India as well. This will aid in their safe and effective use.

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Are one or two dangerous? Methyl salicylate exposure in toddlers

Cited by 52 publications

References 54 publications

Neuropeptide Receptors NPR-1 and NPR-2 RegulateCaenorhabditis elegansAvoidance Response to the Plant Stress Hormone Methyl Salicylate

Neuropeptide Receptors NPR-1 and NPR-2 RegulateCaenorhabditis elegansAvoidance Response to the Plant Stress Hormone Methyl Salicylate

The Role of Renal Replacement Therapy in the Management of Pharmacologic Poisonings

Status of package insert guidelines for drugs accessible as over the counter drugs

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