Are sunscreens luxury products?

Mahé, E.; Beauchet, Alain; Maleissye, Marie-Florence de; Saïag, Philippe

doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.06.043

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The observed wide range of antimicrobial properties for the methanol extract and fractions can be explained by the presence of various groups of potentially active classes of secondary metabolites (Table 1). Indeed flavonoids [21], saponins [22], polyphenols [23], cardiac glycosides [24], coumarines [25], tannins [26], triterpenes and alkaloids [27,28] have been reported to possess antimicrobial activities. It was noted that the bacterial agents were more susceptible to the tested samples than yeasts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of methanol extract, fractions and compounds from the stem bark of Entada abyssinica Stend ex A. Satabie

Teke

Lunga

Wabo

et al. 2011

BMC Complement Altern Med

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BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract, fractions and isolated compounds from Entada abyssinica stem bark, plant used traditionally against gastrointestinal infections.MethodsThe methanol extract of E. abyssinica stem bark was pre-dissolved in a mixture of methanol and water, and then partitioned between n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The ethyl acetate portion was fractionated by column chromatography and the structures of isolated compounds elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison with literature data. Antimicrobial activity was assayed by broth microdilution techniques on bacteria and yeasts. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging method.ResultsFour known compounds [(5S,6R,8aR)-5-(carboxymethyl)-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-5,6,8a-trimethylnaphthalenecarboxylic acid (1), methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (2), benzene-1,2,3-triol (3) and 2,3-dihydroxypropyltriacontanoate (4)] were isolated. Compared to the methanol extract, fractionation increased the antibacterial activities of the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions, while the antifungal activities increased in ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous residue fractions. The isolated compounds were generally more active on bacteria (9.7 to 156.2 μg/ml) than yeasts (78.1 to 312.5 μg/ml). Apart from compound 1, the three others displayed DPPH· scavenging activity (RSa), with RSa50 values of 1.45 and 1.60 μg/ml.ConclusionThe results obtained from this study support the ethnomedicinal use of E. abyssinica in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections and the isolated compounds could be useful in the standardisation of antimicrobial phytomedicine from this plant.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of methanol extract, fractions and compounds from the stem bark of Entada abyssinica Stend ex A. Satabie

Teke

Lunga

Wabo

et al. 2011

BMC Complement Altern Med

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“…The inverse association between sunscreen use and household income suggests that cost may be a barrier to sunscreen use, a concern also raised by others. 22, 26 Creating environmental supports for sun-safety (e.g., providing free sunscreen or shade in outdoor settings) may mitigate individual-level barriers like cost.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of sunscreen use on the face and other exposed skin among US adults

Holman

Berkowitz

Guy

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

109

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Background Sunscreen is a common form of sun protection, but little is known about patterns of use. Objective To assess patterns of sunscreen use on the face and other exposed skin among US adults. Methods Using cross-sectional data from the 2013 Summer ConsumerStyles survey (N= 4,033), we calculated descriptive statistics and adjusted risk ratios to identify characteristics associated with regular sunscreen use (always/most of the time when outside on a warm sunny day for 1+ hour). Results Few adults regularly used sunscreen on the face (men: 18.1%, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 15.8–20.6; women: 42.6%, 95% CI 39.5–46.7), other exposed skin (men: 19.9%, 95% CI 17.5–22.6; women: 34.4%, 95% CI 31.5–37.5), or both the face and other exposed skin (men: 14.3%, 95% CI: 12.3–16.6; women: 29.9%, 95% CI: 27.2–32.8). Regular use was associated with sun-sensitive skin, a household income ≥$60,000, and meeting aerobic activity guidelines (Ps < 0.05). Nearly 40% of users were unsure if their sunscreen provided broad spectrum protection. Limitations Reliance on self-report and lack of information on sunscreen reapplication or other sun-safety practices. Conclusion Sunscreen use is low, especially among certain demographic groups. These findings can inform sun-safety interventions and the interpretation of surveillance data on sunscreen use.

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“…Even after correcting for the level of SPF in the sunscreen, lower income zip codes demonstrated a significantly elevated price of sunscreen per ounce. As price can often serve as a deterrent to sunscreen usage [19], this effect could be magnified in a low income community. Additionally, as price was the highest in the county with the greatest melanoma incidence and lowest in the county with the lowest melanoma incidence, further research is needed regarding the association between sunscreen prices and skin cancer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study of female athletes demonstrated that the application of sunscreen significantly increased with improved access to sunscreen [18]. The cost of sunscreen, especially in the setting of daily use, can be expensive and unmanageable for certain patients who require daily protection [19]. Sunscreen provided to study participants gratis correlated with increased usage with a decrease in sunburn, without an increase in sun exposure time [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Current Market of Sunscreen: A Cross-Sectional Study of Sunscreen Availability in Three Metropolitan Counties in the United States

Amber

Bloom

Staropoli

et al. 2014

Journal of Skin Cancer

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Sunscreen use is recommended for the prevention of sunburn and skin cancer. Little is known regarding sunscreen availability in high versus low income communities. We analyzed sunscreen availability in three large metropolitan counties to determine the relationship between availability and community demographics. We included sun care products in all pharmacies and supermarkets open as of July 2013 in representative high and low income zip codes in Cook County, Illinois, Miami-Dade County, Florida, and San Diego County, California. We recorded the percentage of tanning oil, sunscreens with a sun protection factor (SPF) < 15, SPF > 15, physical sunscreens, spray sunscreens, mean price per ounce (PPO), and mean SPF. Of the total products assessed, 11.0% were tanning oils, with physical sunscreens accounting for only 3.4% of the available sunscreens and 46.2% of sunscreens being spray-on. A comparison between higher and lower income zip codes demonstrated a significantly increased percentage of sunscreens with SPF < 15 in high income zip codes. Lower income zip codes had higher percentages of sunscreens with SPF > 15 and higher PPO, even when taking into account SPF. Further studies of sunscreen usage patterns in different populations must take into account sunscreen availability and price, as these significantly differ based on the community demographic.

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Are sunscreens luxury products?

Cited by 30 publications

References 35 publications

Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of methanol extract, fractions and compounds from the stem bark of Entada abyssinica Stend ex A. Satabie

Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of methanol extract, fractions and compounds from the stem bark of Entada abyssinica Stend ex A. Satabie

Patterns of sunscreen use on the face and other exposed skin among US adults

Assessing the Current Market of Sunscreen: A Cross-Sectional Study of Sunscreen Availability in Three Metropolitan Counties in the United States

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