Are two earthquakes better than one? How earthquakes in two different regions affect risk judgments and preparation in three locations

Perceptions of risk characteristics of earthquakes compared to other hazards and their impact on risk tolerance

“…These works demonstrate that risk tolerance, like risk perception, is malleable and can be affected by factors such as experience of the hazard and risk communications (also see McClure et al, 2016). However, they did not consider risk characteristics in relation to risk tolerance.…”

Fatalism, Causal Reasoning, and Natural Hazards

“…So, even if people recognize the risk and believe that the risk can be mitigated, they may take no action to mitigate the risk for reasons of cost or conflicting interests. Fortunately, economic interests sometimes converge with greater resilience, as where building companies gain business from retrofitting older buildings (McClure et al, 2015), or where strategies that reduce carbon emissions that contribute to climate change also reduce energy costs and enhance health (Bain et al, 2016). Tierney's (1999Tierney's ( , 2013 analysis has a number of similarities to the cultural theory of risk, which argues that individual perceptions of risk are shaped by cultural worldviews about danger and risk (Douglas & Wildavsky, 1982;Kahan, Slovic, Braman, & Gastil, 2006; see also Joffe, 1999).…”

“…Even when people hold the fatalistic belief that preparations will have no effect when the "really big one" (earthquake) hits, they may recognize the economic benefits of actions that mitigate damage from earthquakes. These include lower insurance costs, higher rents, and higher resale values for buildings that meet earthquake standards (McClure, Henrich, & Johnston, 2015). Other benefits include the greater peace of mind of knowing that the building where one works or lives is resistant to earthquakes.…”

“…Some of these actions may be difficult, although not impossible, for employees who have few choices (Paton & McClure, 2013). The key point is that all the actions are controllable in principle, and even the more difficult actions, such as changing work locations, do occur when a community has a heightened awareness of a hazard and employers shift to more earthquake-resilient buildings (McClure et al, 2015).…”

Interactive comment on “Exploring the change of Risk Perception and Adaptation Behavior among Varied Social Character Before and After Earthquake Disaster – A Case Study in Taiwan” by Tzu-Ling Chen et al.

“…My detailed recommendations follow below, Some substantial areas of research are missing, including key preparedness and response literature. For example, discussion of the Protective Action Decision Model (Lindell & Perry, 2012;Lindell & Hwang 2008; and other hazard preparedness models (e.g., Paton et al, 2015), societal influences on household preparedness (Becker et al 2014), recent research on preparedness motivations (Becker et al 2017;Doyle et al 2018) which consider multiple-event risk perceptions (McClure et al 2016, Doyle et al 2018. Thus, the introduction and contextual discussion of the findings should explore some of the elements raised in this pre-existing literature, and how the results relate to those, including self-and collective-efficacy, outcome expectancy, responsibility, etc.…”