Laser-induced bulk modification of initially transparent solids is currently one of the hot topics in laser-matter interaction studies. The realization of these effects requires the application of focused intense beams of ultrashort pulsed (pulse durations <1 ps) lasers and the non-linear absorbtion of light in the focal volume. This chapter will describe various types of irreversible (permanent) changes inside amorphous and crystalline materials induced by sequences of fs laser pulses. To understand the mechanisms of fast material transformations, investigations of transient processes in the laser activated zone are strongly needed. The pump-probe optical technique combined with high temporal (fs) and spatial (um) resolution allows a better understanding of the problem. We shall focus on a number of transient phenomena: non-linear material optical response (Kerr effect), beam self-focusing, interband transitions and material ionization, carriers, and heat relaxation.