Arousal Rather than Basic Emotions Influence Long-Term Recognition Memory in Humans

Marchewka, Artur; Wypych, Marek; Moslehi, Abnoos; Riegel, Monika; Michałowski, Jarosław M.; Jednoróg, Katarzyna

doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00198

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…Such a relationship might be explained by indications from clinical studies that a common neural substrate may be shared by arousal and attention mechanisms (Critchley, 2002). Emotionally arousing incidents and stimuli have been demonstrated to be much better remembered than those without emotional relevance (Marchewka et al, 2016). The representation of bodily changes in arousal may mediate the feeling of knowing ascribed to some familiar memories (Garfinkel, Critchley, & Pollatos, 2017).…”

Section: Cognition Affect and Arousalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perceived arousal is measured through questionnaires, whereas physiological arousal is measured by means of biosensors. In particular, physiological arousal is determined through EDA (Edelberg, 1967), heart rate (Kreibig, 2010), electroencephalography (Hanoch & Vitouch, 2004), and pupilometry (Marchewka et al, 2016), among other techniques. For this study, we chose physiological measures of arousal because they are objective, in contrast to subjective self-reporting.…”

Section: Eda: the Gateway To Sympathetic Arousalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Profiling sympathetic arousal in a physics course: How active are students?

Pijeira‐Díaz

Drachsler

Kirschner

et al. 2018

Computer Assisted Learning

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Low arousal states (especially boredom) have been shown to be more deleterious to learning than high arousal states, though the latter have received much more attention (e.g., test anxiety, confusion, and frustration). Aiming at profiling arousal in the classroom (how active students are) and examining how activation levels relate to achievement, we studied sympathetic arousal during two runs of an elective advanced physics course in a real classroom setting, including the course exam. Participants were high school students (N = 24) who were randomly selected from the course population. Arousal was indexed from electrodermal activity, measured unobtrusively via the Empatica E4 wristband. Low arousal was the level with the highest incidence (60% of the lesson on average) and longest persistence, lasting on average three times longer than medium arousal and two times longer than high arousal level occurrences. During the course exam, arousal was positively and highly correlated (r = .66) with achievement as measured by the students' grades. Implications for a need to focus more on addressing low arousal states in learning are discussed, together with potential applications for biofeedback, teacher intervention, and instructional design.

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Section: Cognition Affect and Arousalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eda: the Gateway To Sympathetic Arousalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiling sympathetic arousal in a physics course: How active are students?

Pijeira‐Díaz

Drachsler

Kirschner

et al. 2018

Computer Assisted Learning

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“…It is possible that this dissociation is specific to verbal material and that the latter is more likely to evoke disgust than fear. Thus, a different pattern might be observed for other modalities, for instance with visual or auditory material [82][83][84] . AMY activation can influence both visual and semantic processing 85 , but how these influences differ for visual and verbal unitizations has not been explored.…”

Section: Possible Explanations Of Distinct Brain Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The second analysis was similar to the first one and also examined the interaction between emotion and memory performance during correct encoding and recognition. However, in order to isolate the effects of basic emotions (disgust, fear), modulation by the level of arousal was regressed out 83,108 . In order to perform this kind of operation, at the subject-level, individual arousal ratings collected during the third experimental session were included in the model.…”

Section: Fmri Data Acquisition and Preprocessingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The third analysis was performed to further examine how the general effects of memory were modulated by the individual ratings of each basic emotion (fear, disgust), affective dimensions (valence, arousal), and impact. At the subject-level, individual ratings were applied to respective experimental conditions (corr and incorr at encoding; old corr, old incorr, new corr, new incorr at recognition) as linear (firstorder) modulators 83,109 . Conditions with zero variance in a parameter vector were discarded from further analysis.…”

Section: Fmri Data Acquisition and Preprocessingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distinct medial-temporal lobe mechanisms of encoding and amygdala-mediated memory reinstatement for disgust and fear

Riegel

Wierzba

Wypych

et al. 2019

Preprint

Self Cite

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Many associative memory traces are charged with emotion that can either impair or enhance subsequent retrieval. Various factors may influence such emotion effects, including the nature of associations and type of emotions. We show that long-term recognition memory of very close verbal associations was enhanced for emotionally charged material, and these effects differed between two negative emotion categories matched for arousal level. Specifically, memory was better for word pairs related to disgust than word pairs related to fear. Furthermore, these two emotions distinctively modulated neural processes during encoding and its relationship with retrieval, regardless of arousal evoked by word pairs. Amygdala and perirhinal cortex activity were associated with enhanced memory for disgust-related unitizations, whereas better memory for fear-related unitizations engaged parahippocampal cortex and hippocampus. Finally, the magnitude of amygdala activation during encoding was related to the subsequent fidelity of hippocampal activity patterns during retrieval. These results show that dissociable neural pathways and reinstatement mechanisms are involved in associative memory for different emotion categories and that arousal alone cannot fully explain emotional influences on associative memory.individually control for the effects of valence and arousal dimensions. Most importantly, this paradigm enabled us to compare the encoding-retrieval similarity of brain activation patterns elicited across two different emotion categories and determine which brain regions promoted this measure of neural reinstatement.We found a memory enhancement effect due to emotion. Moreover, word pairs related to disgust were remembered better than word pairs related to fear, and this effect could not be explained by differences in arousal. We found distinctive neural pathways preferentially engaged in encoding modulation by disgust or fear. Specifically, the left AMY and left PRC were more activated during successful encoding of disgust-related unitized word pairs, whereas right PHC and HC were more activated for fear-related unitized word pairs, even when the level of arousal was regressed out from the analysis. Moreover, during successful encoding of disgust-compared to fearrelated word pairs, we observed an increase in functional connectivity between AMY, PRC and PHC. Finally, for disgusting compared to fearful word pairs, the left AMY encoding activation was found to be critical for the level of trial-by-trial encodingretrieval similarity of brain activation patterns.Altogether, the results show that behavioural and neuronal mechanisms of long-term associative memory can be differently modulated by basic emotion categories, over and above of valence and arousal dimensions. For the first time, we revealed that due to AMY and PRC engagement, disgust as opposed to fear has a strong influence on reinstatement and recognition memory of unitized word pairs, which is in line with its distinctive and perhaps evolutionary-driven role in memorizing ...

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Cognitive mechanisms of disgust in the development and maintenance of psychopathology: A qualitative review and synthesis

Knowles

Cox

Armstrong

et al. 2019

Clinical Psychology Review

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A growing body of research has implicated disgust in various psychopathologies, especially anxiety-related disorders. Although the observed role of disgust in many disorders is robust, the mechanisms that may explain this role are unclear. Cutting-edge research in cognitive science has the potential to elucidate such mechanisms and consequently improve our understanding of how disgust contributes to the etiology and maintenance of psychopathology. In this qualitative review, we systematically assess cognitive bias mechanisms that have been linked to disgust and its disorders. This review suggests that disgust-related biases may be observed in memory, interpretation, judgment of expectancies, and attention, as well as at implicit levels. Of these cognitive domains, the most robust bias appears to be observed at the level of attention. However, reliable moderators of attentional biases for disgust have not yet been identified, and this bias has not been systematically linked to other levels of analysis. Despite these limitations, the available research indicates that attentional avoidance rather than orienting or maintenance may be the most characteristic of disgust. Attentional avoidance of disgust may have important implications for etiological and treatment models of disorders characterized by excessive disgust reactions. The implications for advancing such models are discussed in the context of a combined cognitive bias hypothesis.

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Arousal Rather than Basic Emotions Influence Long-Term Recognition Memory in Humans

Cited by 7 publications

References 71 publications

Profiling sympathetic arousal in a physics course: How active are students?

Profiling sympathetic arousal in a physics course: How active are students?

Distinct medial-temporal lobe mechanisms of encoding and amygdala-mediated memory reinstatement for disgust and fear

Cognitive mechanisms of disgust in the development and maintenance of psychopathology: A qualitative review and synthesis

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