Arrangement of the ribosomal RNA genes in chloroplast DNA of Leguminosae

Chu, Nathan M.; Tewari, Κ. Κ.

doi:10.1007/bf00422907

Cited by 40 publications

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“…Chloroplasts from higher plants contain covalently closed circular DNAs which range in size from 119 to 150 kilobase pairs (kbp) (7,13,14). Physical mapping studies of chloroplast DNA (ctDNA) in higher plants have shown that ctDNA encodes the rRNA cistrons, 16S, 23S, and 5S genes (3.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sequence organization of a pea chloroplast DNA gene coding for a 34,500-dalton protein.

Oishi¹,

Shapiro²,

Tewari³

1984

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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A gene (PGII), which codes for a 34.5-kilodalton protein, has been isolated and cloned from pea chloroplast DNA. The production of its 1.2-kilobase mRNA is photodependent. The direction of transcription has been determined, the site of initiation of transcription has been found, and an in vitro protein product has been produced. The gene, including the 5' and 3'-flanking regions, has been sequenced. It shows ca. 95% homology to the photosystem II thylakoid membrane protein, photogene 32, from spinach and tobacco. There are no intervening sequences. The 5'-flanking region suggests similarities with Escherichia coli promoters. The 5'-flanking region is remarkably conserved among pea, spinach, and tobacco DNA.Chloroplasts from higher plants contain covalently closed circular DNAs which range in size from 119 to 150 kilobase pairs (kbp) (7,13,14). Physical mapping studies of chloroplast DNA (ctDNA) in higher plants have shown that ctDNA encodes the rRNA cistrons, 16S, 23S, and 5S genes (3. 6. 21). and ca. 30 to 40 genes for the tRNAs found in the chloroplast (8,20). The relative abundance and stability of these RNA species facilitated their localization in the higherplant ctDNA. The rRNA and tRNA genes account for only 3 to 5% of the coding sequences of ctDNA. Molecular hybridization studies between ctDNA and polysomal RNA show that RNA transcripts present in chloroplasts hybridize to ca.

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“…An independent measure of its size was obtained by Rloop mapping. Supercoiled ctDNA was digested with Sall and hybridized with hybrid selected RNA under the experimental conditions of Chu et al (7). R loops were found only in Sall fragment B.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequence organization of a pea chloroplast DNA gene coding for a 34,500-dalton protein.

Oishi¹,

Shapiro²,

Tewari³

1984

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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“…The chloroplast DNAs (ctDNAs) from higher plants have been found to be largely homogeneous in sequence organization as shown by renaturation kinetics, electron microscopy, denaturation mapping, and restriction endonuclease digestions (1)(2)(3). The replication of ctDNA has been studied by analyzing the replicating ctDNA molecules with electron microscopy (4,5).…”

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confidence: 99%

Purification and properties of a pea chloroplast DNA polymerase

McKown

Tewari

1984

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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A DNA polymerase has been purified >3,000-fold from the chloroplasts of pea plants by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, single-stranded DNA-agarose, and sedimentation in a glycerol gradient. Electrophoretic analysis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates that the final fraction contained a single discernible protein band of 90,000 daltons. Gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 and glycerol gradient sedimentation under nondenaturing conditions demonstrate that the chloroplast DNA polymerase has a native molecular mass of approximately 87,000 daltons. The purified polymerase lacks any associated nuclease activity. The enzyme activity is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide (74% at 1.0 mM) and ethidium bromide (90% at 0.23 mM) and is resistant to aphidicolin. The purified enzyme is totally dependent on the presence of added DNA, has an absolute requirement for Mg2+ (12 mM optimal), is stimulated by K+ (120 mM optimal), and requires all four deoxynucleoside triphosphates for maximum activity. Native DNA which has been degraded to a limited extent with DNase I is the most efficient template.The chloroplast genome in higher plants exists as circular DNA molecules of 130-150 kilobase pairs (kbp). The chloroplast DNAs (ctDNAs) from higher plants have been found to be largely homogeneous in sequence organization as shown by renaturation kinetics, electron microscopy, denaturation mapping, and restriction endonuclease digestions (1-3). The replication of ctDNA has been studied by analyzing the replicating ctDNA molecules with electron microscopy (4,5

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“…al. , 1983WEIT-STEIN 1980;LEDOIGT and FREYSSINET 1982;WALLACE 1982) and also in reports dealing with specific plant groups such as the legumes (e.g., CHU and TEWARI 1982;SUN et al 1982;DYER et al 1983;PALMERet al 1983;SPIELMANN et al 1983) and the cereals (VEDEL et al 1980;BOWMAN et al 1981;HOWE et al 1982HOWE et al , 1983KOLLER et al 1982;POULSEN 1983;CLEGG et al 1984;ZURAWSKI and CLEGG 1984). Chloroplast contain multiple copies of circular DNA molecules (120-180 kb) which lack histones and contain an inverted repeat of 1G25 kb.…”

Section: Chloroplast D N a (Ctdna)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular biology and plant breeding

Heneen

2008

Hereditas

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The use of modern molecular biological techniques has played a significant role in elucidating various aspects of the molecular organization of plant genes. Most of the information gained concerns characters and phenomena that are of relevance to plant breeding. It has been shown at the molecular level that cereal and legume seed storage proteins are controlled by complex multigenic nuclear loci. The analysis of movable nuclear genes, exemplified by the Ds-Ac transposable elements in maize, has given insight into the nature of these elements and the genetic changes that occur at their insertion and deletion sites. The characterization of the heterogeneous mitochondria1 DNA and the uniform chloroplast DNA has helped to elucidate the molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility, RuBP carboxylase enzyme synthesis and herbicide resistance, In N, fixation, the emphasis has been put on the molecular dissection of N,-fixing genes in bacteria and the interactions between symbiotic and host DNAs. It has been possible to develop vectors of Agrobacterium rurnefaciens Ti-plasmids which lack oncogenes for DNA transfer. Cauliflower and gemini viruses as well as liposomes are also potential systems for DNA transport to protoplasts which can be regenerated into plants. Furthermore, it has been shown that certain molecular biological techniques are useful for screening purposes in genetic analysis and plant breeding work. During the last few years a great deal of work has been initiated on the molecular biology of cultivated plants. The information acquired on the molecular genetics of microorganisms and mammalian cells together with the practical implications of this knowledge have stimulated this research. The molecular characterization of the constitution, expression and regulation of the genetic material in crop plants is a prerequisite for molecular genetic engineering and directed plant modification. Also, the elucidation of the molecular basis of naturally occurring phenomena that lead to genetic variability, e.g. gene transposition and interactions between crop plants and symbiotic or infectious microorganisms, is of utmost importance. The recent developments in molecular biology offer a battery of techniques for work on defined DNA segments of either natural or synthetic origin, and their transfer into genetic complements.Use of existing and induced genetic variability is the working strategy of plant breeding. Molecular genetic engineering adds a new dimension to the arsenal of established breeding strategies. Conventional plant breeding methods have proven to be efficient means of crop improvement. "Chromosome engineering" in wheat (SEARS 1972;LAW 1983) is a classical example of the methods applied in genetic characterization and modification of a crop and should constitute a firm base that provides guidance when molecular genetic engineering is to be challenged.The aim of this review is to summarize, in a simple way, the recent achievements in molecular biology which are pertinent to crop plants and breeding. It is ...

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Arrangement of the ribosomal RNA genes in chloroplast DNA of Leguminosae

Cited by 40 publications

References 21 publications

Sequence organization of a pea chloroplast DNA gene coding for a 34,500-dalton protein.

Sequence organization of a pea chloroplast DNA gene coding for a 34,500-dalton protein.

Purification and properties of a pea chloroplast DNA polymerase

Molecular biology and plant breeding

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