“…Substrate-supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) have attracted considerable interest as models of cellular membranes (Castellana and Cremer, 2006;Chan and Boxer, 2007;Daniel et al, 2006;Groves and Dustin, 2003;Groves et al, 1997;Kohli et al, 2006;Lenhert et al, 2007;Ottova and Tien, 2002;Richter et al, 2006;Sackmann, 1996;Stroumpoulis et al, 2007;Tamm and McConnell, 1985;Tanaka and Sackmann, 2006). Proteins reconstituted in SLBs have been shown to retain their native activity while the lipid components remain mobile, due primarily to the thin $1-2 nm water layer that separates the lower leaflet of the bilayer from the solid support (Kiessling and Tamm, 2003;Johnson et al, 1991;Koenig et al, 1996).…”