Article Commentary: Virus Discovery Using Tick Cell Lines

Bell‐Sakyi, Lesley; Attoui, Houssam

doi:10.4137/ebo.s39675

Cited by 15 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…For the first time we showed that the ALSV strain Miass527 can persist in tick cells for at least three years. It was previously shown that the tick cell line IRE/CTVM19 may harbour an unknown rhabdovirus (31). Our experiment confirmed the presence of a rhabdovirus and suggests that it does not interfere with the persistence and active reproduction of Alongshan virus in IRE/CTVM19 cells.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…We used cell culture supernate collected after one passage of strain Miass527 in IRE/CTVM19 cells, at 17, 19, 20 and 32 months after initial isolation for transmission electron microscopic examination. The IRE/CTVM19 tick cell line was recently reported to contain RNA sequences with similarity to rhabdoviruses (31). To prevent confusion between ALSV and this putative rhabdovirus in our microscopic examination, we first screened the pellet obtained after ultracentrifugation of uninfected IRE/CTVM19 for rhabdovirus RNA using specific primers (Supplementary file 2).…”

Section: Transmission Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

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First isolation and characterisation of Alongshan virus in Russia

Kholodilov

Litov

Klimentov

et al. 2019

Preprint

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AbstractIn recent decades, many new flavi-like viruses have been discovered predominantly in different invertebrates and, as was recently shown, some of them may cause disease in humans. The Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) group holds a special place among flavi-like viruses because, in contrast to the “classic” flaviviruses and other flavi-like viruses, they have a segmented ssRNA(+) genome. Two segments of the JMTV genome have homology with regions of the flavivirus genome encoding polymerase and helicase-protease proteins. JMTVs have several open reading frames (ORF) in segments encoding glycoprotein(s) and capsid protein and these ORF are specific only to them. JMTVs greatly differ in virion size.We isolated three strains of Alongshan virus (ALSV), which is a representative of the JMTV group, from adult Ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in two geographically-separated Russian regions in the tick cell line IRE/CTVM19. One of the strains persisted in the IRE/CTVM19 cells without cytopathic effect for three years. Most virions purified from tick cells were spherical with a diameter of approximately 40.5 nm. In addition, we found smaller particles of approximately 13.1 nm in diameter. We obtained full genome sequences of all four segments of two of the isolated ALSV strains, and partial sequences of one segment from the third strain. Phylogenetic analysis on genome segment 2 of the JMTV group clustered our novel strains with other ALSV strains. We found evidence for the existence of a novel upstream ORF in the glycoprotein-coding segment of ALSV and other members of the JMTV group.Significance StatementWe isolated three strains of Alongshan virus (ALSV) from adult Ixodes persulcatus ticks from two geographically separate areas of Russia in the Ixodes ricinus tick cell line IRE/CTVM19. One of the strains persisted in the IRE/CTVM19 cells without cytopathic effect for three years. Our study confirmed the value of tick cell lines in virus isolation and maintenance of persistent infection. The majority of virions of the ALSV strain Miass527 were enveloped spherical particles with a diameter of 40.5±3.7 nm. We found evidence for the existence of a novel upstream ORF in the glycoprotein-coding segment of ALSV and other members of the Jingmen tick virus group.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Transmission Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

First isolation and characterisation of Alongshan virus in Russia

Kholodilov

Litov

Klimentov

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…A number of options for functional characterization of these viruses are available but they unfortunately require work. Additional culture models are needed to handle all the new discoveries and genetic engineering methods for more easily establishing cell lines from exotic species are worth pursuing (Ettayebi et al, 2016;Finkbeiner et al, 2012;Stenglein et al, 2012;Bell-Sakyi and Attoui, 2016;Janowski et al, 2017). Focusing discovery on genetically tractable organisms has allowed for relatively rapid functional studies of the new discovered C. elegans Orsay virus Jiang et al, 2017).…”

Section: Experimenting With Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A decade of RNA virus metagenomics is (not) enough

2018

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It is hard to overemphasize the role that metagenomics has had on our recent understanding of RNA virus diversity. Metagenomics in the 21st century has brought with it an explosion in the number of RNA virus species, genera, and families far exceeding that following the discovery of the microscope in the 18th century for eukaryotic life or culture media in the 19th century for bacteriology or the 20th century for virology. When the definition of success in organism discovery is measured by sequence diversity and evolutionary distance, RNA viruses win. This review explores the history of RNA virus metagenomics, reasons for the successes so far in RNA virus metagenomics, and methodological concerns. In addition, the review briefly covers clinical metagenomics and environmental metagenomics and highlights some of the critical accomplishments that have defined the fast pace of RNA virus discoveries in recent years. Slightly more than a decade in, the field is exhausted from its discoveries but knows that there is yet even more out there to be found.

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“…Generally, very little is known about tick genome organisation, or how and how often viral elements become integrated into a tick genome (26) and for what reasons. We identified ORFs related to mobile genetic elements as well as repeat regions and possible target site duplications formed by the integration of mobile genetic elements adjacent to the ASFLI-elements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

African swine fever virus-like integrated elements in a soft tick genome – an ancient virus vector arms race?

Forth

Lycett

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the only known DNA-arbovirus and a most devastating suid pathogen that, originating from a sylvatic cycle in Africa, has spread to eastern Europe and recently reached western Europe and Asia, leading to a socio-economic crisis of global proportion.However, since neither closely related viruses nor integrated viral elements have yet been identified, ASFV evolution remains a mystery.Results: Here, we show that soft ticks of the Ornithodoros moubata group, the natural arthropod vector of ASFV, harbour African swine fever virus-like integrated (ASFLI)-elements corresponding to up to 10% (over 20 kb) of the ASFV genome. Through orthologous dating and molecular clock analyses, we provide data suggesting that integration occurred over 1.47 million years ago. Furthermore, our data indicate that these elements, showing high sequence identities to modern ASFV, are maintained in the tick genome to protect the tick from infection with specific ASFV-strains through RNA interference. Conclusion:We suggest that this mechanism of protection, shaped through many years of coevolution, is part of an evolutionary virus-vector "arms race", a finding that has not only high impact on our understanding of the co-evolution of viruses with their hosts but also provides a glimpse into the evolution of ASFV.

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Article Commentary: Virus Discovery Using Tick Cell Lines

Cited by 15 publications

References 53 publications

First isolation and characterisation of Alongshan virus in Russia

First isolation and characterisation of Alongshan virus in Russia

A decade of RNA virus metagenomics is (not) enough

African swine fever virus-like integrated elements in a soft tick genome – an ancient virus vector arms race?

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