Artificial immune systems in solving routing problems

Immunity-based evolutionary algorithm for optimal global container repositioning in liner shipping

“…In the context of applying AIS to transportation route planning, Keko et al (2003) adopted the immunizing features of the immune system to a classical genetic algorithm using vaccine inserting method to solve the TSP. Genetic Algorithm (GA) used by Keko was vaccinated to become less susceptible to changing parameters.…”

Two-stage EDA-based approach for all optical WDM mesh network survivability under SRLG constraints

“…For examples, an AIS developed in [4] is applied to find a set of kSpanning trees; the AIS in [22,25] is applied to the routing problem. The viral system (VS) [7] has been applied to a library of mediumto-large-sized cases of the Steiner problem.…”

Population-Based Optimization Algorithms for Solving the Travelling Salesman Problem

“…GAs are known as incapable of search fine local tuning because they are global search algorithms. Immune method through vaccination tries to overcome such blindness of crossover and mutation (Keko et al, 2003). After vaccination, the immune method might leads to deterioration.…”

“…This method has been applied to the TSP benchmarks and results show that the presented algorithm has strong capability of optimization; it has diversified solutions, high convergence speed and succeeds in avoiding the stagnation and premature phenomena. Based on the performed studies some points can be inferred as mentioned in the following (Keko et al, 2003):…”

“…Namely, the immune systems can grow during the life time and is capable of using learning, memory and associative retrieval in order to solve mentioned recognition and classification tasks. In addition, the studies show that the natural immune systems are useful phenomena in information processing and can be helpful in inspiration for problem solving and various optimization problems (Keko et al, 2003).…”