Artificial neural network as a FPGA trigger for a detection of very inclined air showers

2015

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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The surface detector (SD) array of the Pierre Auger Observatory needs an upgrade which allows space for more complex triggers with higher bandwidth and greater dynamic range. To this end this paper presents a front-end board (FEB) with the largest Cyclone V E FPGA 5CEFA9F31I7N. It supports eight channels sampled with max. 250 MSps@14-bit resolution. Considered sampling for the SD is 120 MSps; however, the FEB has been developed with external anti-aliasing filters to retain maximal flexibility. Six channels are targeted at the SD, two are reserved for other experiments like: Auger Engineering Radio Array and additional muon counters. The FEB is an intermediate design plugged into a unified board communicating with a micro-controller at 40 MHz; however, it provides 250 MSPs sampling with an 18-bit dynamic range, is equipped with a virtual NIOS processor and supports 256 MB of SDRAM as well as an implemented spectral trigger based on the discrete cosine transform for detection of very inclined "old" showers. The FEB can also support neural network development for detection of "young" showers, potentially generated by neutrinos. A single FEB was already tested in the Auger surface detector in Malargüe (Argentina) for 120 and 160 MSps. Preliminary tests showed perfect stability of data acquisition for sampling frequency three or four times greater. They allowed optimization of the design before deployment of seven or eight FEBs for several months of continuous tests in the engineering array.

Section: A Faster Timing For the Surface Detector Stationsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Front-End Board with Cyclone V as a Test High-Resolution Platform for the Auger_Beyond_2015 Front End Electronics

2015

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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“…on Discrete Cosine Transform [8] [9] [10]. Triggers based on an artificial neuron networks is an alternative approach focusing on specific patterns of ADC traces registered in Pierre Auger water Cherenkov detectors [11]. Higher sampling frequency anticipated in the surface detector upgrade (120 MHz instead of 40 MHz) narrows an elementary time-bin and reduces a probability of three-fold coincidences of signals from 3 PMTs in a single time-bin.…”

Section: Triggersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…70 • ) and low altitude (9 km) (to be trated as "young" showers before a maximum of development) give relatively short ADC traces and they can be analyzed also by 16-point pattern engines [11].…”

Section: Adc Traces Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Artificial neural network as the FPGA trigger in the Cyclone V based Front-End for a Detection of Neutrino-Origin Showers

2015 4th International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation Measurement Methods and Their Applications (ANIMMA

Głas

Pytel

2015

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Neutrinos play a fundamental role in the understanding of the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. They interact through charged and neutral currents in the atmosphere generating extensive air showers. However, their a very low rate of events potentially generated by neutrinos is a significant challenge for a detection technique and requires both sophisticated algorithms and high-resolution hardware.A trigger based on a artificial neural network was implemented into the Cyclone R V E FPGA 5CEFA9F31I7 -the heart of the prototype Front-End boards developed for tests of new algorithms in the Pierre Auger surface detectors. Showers for muon and tau neutrino initiating particles on various altitudes, angles and energies were simulated in CORSICA and OffLine platforms giving pattern of ADC traces in Auger water Cherenkov detectors. The 3-layer 12-8-1 neural network was taught in MATLAB by simulated ADC traces according the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.Results show that a probability of a ADC traces generation is very low due to a small neutrino cross-section. Nevertheless, ADC traces, if occur, for 1-10 EeV showers are relatively short and can be analyzed by 16-point input algorithm. We optimized the coefficients from MATLAB to get a maximal range of potentially registered events and for fixed-point FPGA processing to minimize calculation errors.New sophisticated triggers implemented in Cyclone R V E FPGAs with large amount of DSP blocks, embedded memory running with 120 -160 MHz sampling may support a discovery of neutrino events in the Pierre Auger Observatory.

“…They contain a significant amount of an electromagnetic component, usually preceded by a muon bump. Simulations show [7] that it is often fully separated from the electromagnetic fraction and the 16-point DCT algorithm can also be used.. A probability of 3-fold coincidences of direct light corresponding to a standard Auger trigger is relatively low. Much more probable are 2-fold coincidences of a direct light.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DCT trigger for a detection of very inclined showers in the Pierre Auger surface detector Engineering Array in the new High-Resolution Front-End based on the Cyclone V FPGA

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

2015

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Abstract-The paper presents the first results from the trigger based on the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) operating in the new Front-End Boards with Cyclone V FPGA deployed in 8 test surface detectors in the Pierre Auger Engineering Array.The patterns of the Analog-to-Digial Converter (ADC) traces generated by very inclined showers were obtained from the Auger database and from the CORSIKA simulation package supported next by OffLine reconstruction Auger platform which gives a predicted digitized signal profiles. Simulations for many variants of the initial angle of shower, initialization depth in the atmosphere, type of particle and its initial energy gave a boundary of the DCT coefficients used next for the on-line pattern recognition in the FPGA.Preliminary results have proven a right approach. We registered several showers triggered by the DCT for 120 MSps and 160 MSps.