“…Since the two groundbreaking publications in Nature about the use of infrared spectroscopy (57) and Raman spectroscopy (61) to study microorganisms, these two techniques have been extensively employed to detect and discriminate different microorganisms and have been shown to be useful as real-time typing methods in bacterial epidemiology (3,7,33,34,36,37,48,49,59,60,65,77). Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, in combination with multivariate analyses, has been used to identify and discriminate C. jejuni and C. coli (54,55). Recently, complementary infrared and Raman spectral features of C. jejuni planktonic cells, sessile cells in biofilm, and biofilm extracellular polymeric substance were characterized by our lab (42,44).…”