Artificial production of agarwood oil in Aquilaria sp. by fungi: a review

Chhipa, Hemraj; Chowdhary, Kanika; Kaushik, Nutan

doi:10.1007/s11101-017-9492-6

Cited by 57 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…However, some had no beneficial impact and showed latent pathogenicity in plant species (Pojanagaroon and Kaewrak, 2005). Latent pathogenicity of endophytes could be an economical source of local community and Aquilaria is a live example in this regard, which produces oleoresin after infection and enhances the value of tree in market (Barden et al, 2000; Pojanagaroon and Kaewrak, 2005; Chhipa et al, 2017). Various studies have been done on isolation of endophytes from Aquilaria species, such as Malyasian A. malaccensis (Mohamed et al, 2010; Bhore et al, 2013); Chinese A. sinensis (Gong and Guo, 2009; Tian et al, 2013); Thai A. crassna (Nimnoi et al, 2010); A. agallocha (Tamuli et al, 2000), and Indian A. malaccensis (Bhore et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal and Bacterial Diversity Isolated from Aquilaria malaccensis Tree and Soil, Induces Agarospirol Formation within 3 Months after Artificial Infection

Chhipa

Kaushik

2017

Front. Microbiol.

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Aquilaria malaccensis Lam, commonly known as Agarwood, is a highly valuable species used in production of agar oil from its infected wood, which is utilized in pharmaceutical and perfumery industry. Agar oil formation in agarwood takes years through the natural process which is induced by natural or artificial injury or microbial infection. The role of soil fungi and bacteria in artificial induction is still an unexplored area. In the present study, we isolated the fungal and bacterial community residing inside the stem of A. malaccensis tree and circumventing soil, samples collected from 21 different sites of the north-eastern state Assam of India and explored their potential in induction of Agarospirol (2-(6,10-Dimethylspiro[4,5]dec-6-en-2-yl)-2-propanol) production by artificially infecting the trees with these microorganisms. A total 340 fungi and 131 bacteria were isolated from 50 stem samples, and 188 fungi and 148 bacteria were isolated from 50 soil samples. Highest Shannon (H′ = 2.43) and Fisher (α = 5.57) diversity index was observed in the stem isolates. The dominant fungal genus was Trichoderma in stem with Pi value of 0.18; while in soil, Aspergillus showed dominance with Pi value 0.73. In bacteria, Bacillus genera showed dominance in both stem and soil samples with Pi = 0.62 and 0.51, respectively. Forty fungal and bacterial isolates were used to assess their potential to induce formation of agarwood in A. malaccensis by artificial infection method. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis confirmed development of Agarwood by the presence of Agarospirol compound in samples collected after 3 months of the artificial infection. Only 31% of bacterial and 23% of fungal isolates showed their ability in production of Agarospirol by artificial infection method. Bacteria Pantoea dispersa and fungi Penicillium polonicum showed the highest production in comparison to other isolates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal and Bacterial Diversity Isolated from Aquilaria malaccensis Tree and Soil, Induces Agarospirol Formation within 3 Months after Artificial Infection

Chhipa

Kaushik

2017

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Some of the chemical constituents of agarwood appear to be agarofurans, agarol, eudesmanes, selinanes, valencanes, eremophilanes, guaianes, preziznes (jinkohol), vetispranes (agarospirol), 2-(2-phenylethyl)-chromones, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-(2phenylethyl)-chromones, and diepoxy-tetrahydro-2-(2phenylethyl)-chromones (Naef 2011). Phenols and other aromatic compounds have also been detected in agarwood which are important in plant defense mechanisms (Chhipa et al 2017;Novriyanti and Santosa 2011). In addition, we also detected stigmasterol in the methanol extracts, which is also an agarwood constituent and one of the major steroids in agarwood (Liao et al 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The injection technique we used in this study has been used before to induce agarwood production (Chhipa et al 2017). With this method, it is possible to combine the necessary wounding with inoculation with endophytic microbes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fusarium solani induces the formation of agarwood in Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke branches

et al. 2020

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Agarwood is a resinous wood produced by some members of plant family Thymelaeaceae under certain conditions. Agarwood is highly prized, but its formation requires a long-time process in nature. Therefore, various induction techniques have been explored to hasten the process. In this study, we induced agarwood in Gyrinops versteegii, one of the most abundant agarwood-producing trees in Indonesia. We used 12 trees and wounded four branches on each tree through an injection process. We used two strains of the endophytic fungi Fusarium solani isolated from Gorontalo and Jambi Provinces. After 3 months, the inoculated wood had an extensive resinous zone, when compared to wounded control wood. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the inoculated samples revealed the presence of several sesquiterpenes characteristic of agarwood. These included alloaromadendrene, β-eudesmol and β-selinene as well as the chromone derivatives 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one, 6-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one, and 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one. We conclude that this method successfully induced agarwood to form in a matter of months and could be used to enhance the success of agarwood cultivation.

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“…This result is supported by studies in other tree species that use wounding as a way of increasing volatile oil. In Aquilaria trees, agarwood production can be stimulated by wounding the trees using methods such as cutting, holing, and hammering nails into the trunk (Chen et al, 2017;Chhipa, Chowdhary, & Kaushik, 2016).…”

Section: Empty Drill Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulation of Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) oil production using multiple treatments

Smith

2020

Australian Forestry

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Artificial production of agarwood oil in Aquilaria sp. by fungi: a review

Cited by 57 publications

References 41 publications

Fungal and Bacterial Diversity Isolated from Aquilaria malaccensis Tree and Soil, Induces Agarospirol Formation within 3 Months after Artificial Infection

Fungal and Bacterial Diversity Isolated from Aquilaria malaccensis Tree and Soil, Induces Agarospirol Formation within 3 Months after Artificial Infection

Fusarium solani induces the formation of agarwood in Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke branches

Stimulation of Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) oil production using multiple treatments

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