“…Radiation exposure has cumulative stochastic adverse effects including cancer risks 1,4,7 and minimising the radiation exposure of patients and staff is a high priority in angiography procedures. 1,2,[4][5][6][7] Bi-plane angiography can be beneficial in many other types of cardiac procedures, including electrophysiology, percutaneous coronary intervention of complex lesions, particularly chronic total occlusions and also structural cardiac intervention, and complex procedures. 15 However, for patients with no identified renal impairment this study demonstrates that for diagnostic coronary angiography, it may be preferable to perform diagnostic angiogram studies in single-plane mode to reduce the overall radiation dose to the patient and staff.…”