Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections associated with wastewater and human excreta use in agriculture in Vietnam

Pham-Duc, Phuc; Nguyen-Viet, Hung; Hattendorf, Jan; Zinsstag, Jakob; Phung-Dac, Cam; Zurbrügg, Christian; Odermatt, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.parint.2012.12.007

Cited by 78 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In our two investigated groups with GI symptoms and the healthy group the prevalence of G. duodenalis is in accordance with what can be expected in the rest of the world . Moreover, it has been reported that in northern Vietnam the prevalence of G. duodenalis was estimated at 2–3% . Our demonstrated prevalence in Da Nang is higher.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Prevalence of Dientamoeba fragilis, Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, and Cryptosporidium spp in Da Nang, Vietnam, detected by a multiplex real‐time PCR

Ögren

Song

Nguyen

et al. 2016

APMIS

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€Ogren J, Van Nguyen S, Nguyen MK, Dimberg J, Matussek A. Prevalence of Dientamoeba fragilis, Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and Cryptosporidium spp in Da Nang, Vietnam, detected by a multiplex real-time PCR. APMIS. 2016; 124: 529-533. We surveyed the prevalence of Dientamoeba fragilis, Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Cryptosporidium spp in individuals with and without gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms residing in and around Da Nang city, Vietnam. Fecal samples were collected from children (n = 100) and adults (n = 80) with GI symptoms and from healthy individuals (n = 88) reporting no GI symptoms. Parasite detection was performed by multiplex real-time PCR. Overall, except for G. duodenalis, we found a low prevalence (<5%) of D. fragilis and E. dispar and no detection of E. histolytica and C. spp in all participants with GI symptoms. Specifically for D. fragilis this contrasts with findings in European populations of children with GI symptoms showing prevalence up to 73%. Moreover, our results indicate that the prevalence of G. duodenalis is higher in patients with GI symptoms compared to asymptomatic individuals and this difference is most obvious in young patients.Key words: Dientamoeba fragilis; Giardia duodenalis; Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and Cryptosporidium spp; PCR; prevalence.Andreas Matussek, Division of Medical Diagnostics, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, County Hospital Ryhov, 55185 J€ onk€ oping, Sweden. e-mail: andreas.matussek@rjl.seThe World Health Organization (WHO) ranks diarrheal disease as the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality in children in the developing world (1). Many studies have been conducted in various geographic areas to identify the etiology of these diarrheal illnesses and to formulate a composite picture for estimating their global burden. The etiological agents of diarrhea include viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Among parasites, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Dientamoeba fragilis are considered to be the most common (2-4).Dientamoeba fragilis is a flagellate that varies in prevalence from 1% to 70% depending on mode of detection and population studied (5, 6).Transmission of D. fragilis is not fully understood. It is thought to be transmitted via the ova of Enterobius vermicularis (7, 8) and also a cyst form has recently been detected that may play a role in the transmission (9). Its pathogenicity has been debated and studies have shown a correlation between infection and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in Swedish children (10).Giardia duodenalis is a flagellate common in most parts of the world and is considered as the most common non-viral cause of diarrhea. Infections can cause acute diarrhea with or without vomiting and fever, chronic infections causing malnutrition, lactose intolerance and abdominal pain, or asymptomatic infections (11).Entamoeba histolytica is the cause of amoebic colitis, amoebic dysentery, and amoebic liver Received 8 December 2015. Accepted 23 ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Cryptosporidium spp has been studied limited in Vietnam. One study shows a low prevalence of 5% among a population with an age range of 1-87 years in Hanam province in northern Vietnam (20). In another study among school children, in a suburban area of Hanoi, no C. spp was found (21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Dientamoeba fragilis, Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, and Cryptosporidium spp in Da Nang, Vietnam, detected by a multiplex real‐time PCR

Ögren

Song

Nguyen

et al. 2016

APMIS

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“…Independently of that, a review of the scarce literature shows an overwhelming evidence of increased risks of STH infections due to wastewater/sludge reuse even if some studies were unable to establish links. For instance, Trang et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the many benefits of wastewater and sludge use in agriculture, these practices can have adverse impacts on human health . Wastewater may contain contaminants that are harmful to health, such as metalloids/metals , excess nutrients, hormones , organic compounds such as pesticides, components of consumer products, pharmaceuticals and personal care products and, most importantly, pathogenic microorganisms .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil‐transmitted helminth infections associated with wastewater and sludge reuse: a review of current evidence

Amoah

Adegoke

Stenström

2018

Tropical Med Int Health

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ObjectiveTo review current evidence on infections related to the concentration of soil‐transmitted helminth (STH) eggs in wastewater, sludge and vegetables irrigated with wastewater or grown on sludge‐amended soils.MethodSearch of Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar databases for publications reporting on STH egg concentration in wastewater, sludge and vegetables and for epidemiological studies on wastewater/sludge reuse and STH infections.Results STH egg concentrations were variable but high in wastewater and sludge especially in developing countries. They ranged from 6 to 16 000 eggs/L in wastewater and from 0 to 23 000 eggs/g in sludge and far exceed limits set in the WHO guideline for wastewater/sludge reuse. Numbers of STH eggs on vegetables ranged from 0 to 100 eggs/g. The concentration of STH eggs in wastewater, sludge and vegetables therefore relates to risks of infection through different exposure routes.ConclusionEpidemiological evidence reveals an increased prevalence of STH infections associated with direct exposure to wastewater or sludge (farmers) and consumption of vegetables grown on soil treated with it. This calls for increased efforts to reduce the adverse health impact of wastewater and sludge reuse in line with the WHO multi‐barrier approach.

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“…stools, blood) were taken for the prevalence of pathogens, no direct observations were used to determine exposure time and frequency to risk factors, but rather the use of interviews which could be prone to information and recall bias and hence may produce spurious results [31]. For example, observational studies in Vietnam which relied on interviews produced contrasting results; in one study exposure to wastewater increased the risk of helminth infection while another found no significant association between wastewater exposure and helminth infection in wastewater farmers [35,36].…”

Section: Evidence Of Wastewater Use and Health Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater use in urban agriculture: an exposure and risk assessment in Accra, Ghana

Agyei

Ensink

2016

Jnl Sci Tech

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In order to minimize the health risks to agricultural workers, and consumers of wastewater irrigated produce, the World Health Organisation has developed guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture. This study sought to test the appropriateness of the current Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment model and the multiple-barrier approach advocated by the WHO guidelines.Over a one year period, over 500 produce and ready-to-eat salad samples were collected from fields, markets, and kitchens in Accra, Ghana, and over 300 soil and irrigation water samples were collected. All samples were analysed for E. coli, human adenovirus and norovirus using standard microbiological procedures. In addition, almost 700 participants including farmers, food vendors, and consumers were interviewed and observed to assess critical exposures associated with the transmission of faecal pathogens.The results showed that irrigation water was significantly more contaminated than farm soil, though exposure to soil was found to pose the key risk to farmers due to hand-to-mouth events. Over 80% of produce samples were found contaminated with E. coli, with street food salad being the most contaminated (4.23 Log E. coli/g), and that consumption of salads did not meet health standards. Risk factors identified for produce contamination included farm soil contamination, wastewater use for irrigation, poor hygiene, and operating with a hygiene permit. Awareness of the source of irrigation water was low, but despite the high awareness of health risk, consumers did not prioritize health indicators when buying produce from vendors. Similarly, farmers' awareness of health risk did not influence their adoption of safer farm practices. The study recommends the promotion of interventions that would result in more direct benefits to producers and vendors, together with hygiene education and inspection, hygiene certification and enforcement of food safety byelaws in order to increase the uptake of the multi-barrier approach. 4PhD related documents 2014:

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Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections associated with wastewater and human excreta use in agriculture in Vietnam

Cited by 78 publications

References 30 publications

Prevalence of Dientamoeba fragilis, Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, and Cryptosporidium spp in Da Nang, Vietnam, detected by a multiplex real‐time PCR

Prevalence of Dientamoeba fragilis, Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, and Cryptosporidium spp in Da Nang, Vietnam, detected by a multiplex real‐time PCR

Soil‐transmitted helminth infections associated with wastewater and sludge reuse: a review of current evidence

Wastewater use in urban agriculture: an exposure and risk assessment in Accra, Ghana

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