Aspects of Inner Experience: Autokinesis, Daydreaming, Dream Recall and Cognitive Style

Starker, Steven

doi:10.2466/pms.1973.36.2.663

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Subject 18 often described happiness in daytime experiences but never in dreams. The fact that significant results of these kind appeared for only two subjects may well reflect findings previosly cited (Starker, 1973(Starker, , 1974Cohen, 1974;Fisher and Greenberg, 1977;Foulkes & Rechtschaffen, 1964;Foulkes et al, 1966;Vogel et al, 1966;Vogel, 1978) not at all a little moderately _ _ extremely 12. If there is anything else you would like to tell me about your dreams and/or dream.~ng habits, please feel free to do so here:…”

Section: Conclusion 63supporting

confidence: 65%

“…The role of idiographic or personality factors in the expression of emotions in waking and dream reports has been investigated (Starker, 1973(Starker, , 1974(Starker, , 1977Cohen, 1974;Fisher & Greenberg, 1977 In general "a steady decline in control over the course of mental activity and awareness of the immediate environment and a steady rise in the frequency of hallucinatory experience" (p. 98) accompanied this sequence;…”

Section: Subject Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Edney (1980) points out that this is a psychoanalytic explanation and supports the independent processes model. Starker (1977) examined "the relationship between patterns of daydream activity and nocturnal dreams" (p. 411) for three individual '"styles' of daydreaming (Singer & Antrobus, 1963Starker, 1973;Isaacs, 1975)" (p. 411). These are the Guilty-Dysphoric, Positive-Vivid, and Anxious-Distractible styles.…”

Section: Subject Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To achieve a more homogeneous sample, all subjects were female. Since mentation across the dreaming and waking states may vary in consonance with individual personality structure (Foulkes & Rechtschaffen, 1964;Foulkes et al, 1966;Vogel et al, 1966;Starker, 1973Starker, , 1974Starker, , 1977Cohen, 1974;Fisher & Greenberg, 1977;Vogel, 1978) subjects served as their own controls.…”

Section: Chapter VI Summary Of Chapters I Through Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A comparison of measures of emotions from written reports of dreams and waking experiences

Conklin¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study nine female university students wrote about their waking experiences for the four hour period prior to going to sleep during a two week period. On alternate mornings, these subjects either redescribed the prior evening's events or described any dreams they remembered. The procedures and formats for the evening and morning reports were as nearly equivalent as practical considerations allow.Two judges scored all reports for five classes of emotions defined by Hall and Van de Castle (1966). Interrater agreement was weak. The respective judges seemed to employ more or less stringent standards in identifying emotions. This fact notwithstanding, the ultimate findings, based on each judge's independent scores, point to the same conclusion.The results seem to contradict assertions that dreams exhibit fewer or more dysphoric emotions. Overall, reports of waking experiences and dreams contained the same frequencies and qualities Van de Castle, 1966;Snyder, 1970;Hartshorn, Corriere, Karle, Switzer, Hart, Gold, & Binder, 1977) and more unpleasant emotions (Calkins, 1893; Weed & Hallam, 1896;Bentley, 1915; Hall & Van de Castle, 1966;Snyder, 1970;Kramer, Winget, & Whitman, 1971) than they expected. These observations might imply that dream reports contain less emotions and more dysphoric emotions than would reports of waking experiences. However, the studies cited did not evaluate waking reports.In this project five classes of emotions were scored for similar reports of dreams and waking experiences, and these measures were compared to see if they are different. In general, the results are inconsistent with the implications suggested above.As pref ace to describing the present research, the relationship between dreams and waking experience and some relevant additional empirical findings about dreaming and waking emotions are discussed.Theories of emotions and certain constraints which sleep physiology might impose on dream emotions are considered. Finally, methodological issues are identified. CHAPTER II THE COMPARISON OF DREAMS AND WAKING EXPERIENCE ASSUMPTION OF WAKING EXPERIENCE AS A BASELINEThe assumption of waking experience as "given" and as a baseline against which to compare dreams influences conceptualization of dreams and probably dream research. In this perspective, memories from sleep may be described as more bizarre, hallucinatory, symbolic, and less rational than waking experiences. The reasoning behind this assumption is usually tacit and merits examination. Maybe we employ wakeful experience as a baseline because it seems more "normal," is more easily remembered (see Domhoff, 1969;Cohen, 1974), or we feel that we understand it better. It could be that we do not use sleeping experience as a baseline because we almost always make comparisons of the two states when we are awake; were we to evaluate waking experience when asleep, that state might seem the more normal. In any event a point made by Foulkes and Fleisher (1975) is critical:[The] baseline properties of waking thought can no longer be ...

show abstract

Section: Conclusion 63supporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Subject Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subject Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chapter VI Summary Of Chapters I Through Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A comparison of measures of emotions from written reports of dreams and waking experiences

Conklin¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The subscales were selected as representative of three daydream styles (two per style) on the basis of previous factor analytic stydies [17][18][19][20][21] : Positive Reactions in Daydreams and Visual Imagery in Daydreams (Positive-Vivid style); Guilt in Daydreams and Fear of Failure in Daydreams (Guilty-Dysphoric style); Mindwandering and Distractability (Anxious-Distractable style). Scales of Sleep Disturbance (Nightmares and Insomnia) were also administered [22].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imagery and Fantasy in Vietnam Veteran Psychiatric Inpatients

Starker

Jolin

1982

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aspects of volitional and spontaneous imagery /fantasy are examined in hospitalized psychiatric patients with and without combat experience in Vietnam. The ability to create deliberate auditory imagery was unaffected by the combat experience; spontaneous imagery/fantasy in waking and sleeping were profoundly affected. Combat veterans were characterized by greater visual imagery and guilt in their daydreams, greater impairment in attention/concentration, and greater sleep disturbance than noncombat veterans. Results support the clinical conceptualization of post-traumatic stress syndrome as well as the notion of individual fantasy styles.Over several years a literature describing clinical problems encountered by veterans of the Vietnam conflict has developed [1-10]. The concept of "post-traumatic stress syndrome" has been articulated and eventually incorporated into psychiatric nosology [11]. Relevant diagnostic criteria include problems of attention/concentration, guilt, recurrent and intrusive memories of the traumatic event, recurrent dreams of the event, and other sleep disturbance. These issues may all be viewed from the perspective of fantasy function, Le., traumatic experience and subsequent aggressor or survivor guilt appear to foster a fantasy life which is vivid and intrusive in both waking " This study was supported by the Veterans Administration Research and Development Program. 15

show abstract

The Role of Individual Differences in Field Dependence as a Factor in Learning and Memory1

Goodenough

1975

ETS Research Bulletin Series

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The literature relating individual differences in field dependence to learning and memory is reviewed in four areas: (1) the effects of cue salience in discrimination learning; (2) participant vs. spectator roles in learning; (3) repression as a factor in forgetting and (4) the effects of interpersonal orientation on acquisition of social information and on the effectiveness of social reinforcers.

show abstract

Aspects of Inner Experience: Autokinesis, Daydreaming, Dream Recall and Cognitive Style

Cited by 21 publications

References 17 publications

A comparison of measures of emotions from written reports of dreams and waking experiences

A comparison of measures of emotions from written reports of dreams and waking experiences

Imagery and Fantasy in Vietnam Veteran Psychiatric Inpatients

The Role of Individual Differences in Field Dependence as a Factor in Learning and Memory1

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About