Aspects of Temperament in Adolescent Male Offenders

Abstract

A considerable diversity of opinion exists on the definition of that part of the personality which is known as temperament, and some authorities go so far as to say that no practical advantage is to be obtained in differentiating it from character. Temperament, nevertheless, is the means in every-day use by which strangers provisionally gauge the extent of their affinity to each other.

Claude Bernard and the Discovery of Glycogen

“…Figuier was unconvinced, however, and he was later joined in his contentions by Chauvau, Pavy, and others. Although in 1859 Bernard was still insisting on his mistaken assertion, I have been unable to find any mention of this point thereafter until he admitted in 1877 that his earlier findings in this respect were incorrect (see Young, 1937 Bernard's laboratory in Paris, returning to become lecturer in physiology at Guy's. Hospital and assistant physician.…”

“…Nevertheless, he reaffirmed, there is normally more sugar in the blood leaving the liver than in the blood entering that organ. *The criticism, and its trenchant attempted rebuttal, evoked by Pavy's book, I have discussed elsewhere (Young, 1937). Soon after Bernard's discovery of glycogen in the liver, Sanson found that muscular tissue also contains glycogen, while, later, XJasse and Weiss and others showed that this glycogen dimrniishes in amount during muscular contraction.…”

“…He did not believe that the liver absorbed sugar from the blood and converted it directly into glycogen. He was uncertain (see Young, 1937), but inclined to the view that the glycogen which appears in the liver during the absorption of carbohydrate food is not derived from exogenous sugar but secreted, newly formed, by the tissues of that organ.…”

“…Pfluger had shown experimentally that sugar could be converted to neutral fats in the animal body. Therefore, he argued, the reverse process was most likely to occur-that is, that neutral fats could give rise to sugar and so to glycogen (see Young, 1937). …”