As a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract, esophageal cancer has a high incidence in China, accounting for about half of the global incidence. The pathogenic factors are complicated, primarily related to eating diet, obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Barrett's esophagus. In this article, through the literature search of Web of Science, PubMed, and CNKI, we analyzed the transformation of inflammatory cells cytokines. We activated the inflammatory pathway in chronic inflammation of the esophagus. These form the tumor microenvironment suitable for tumorigenesis, proliferation, and metastasis, essential in transforming inflammation, metaplasia, and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Therefore, understanding the relationship between chronic inflammation and esophageal cancer development can provide new ideas for preventing and treating esophageal cancer.