Assertion

Stalnaker, Robert

doi:10.1002/9780470758335.ch5

Cited by 250 publications

(352 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…two-dimensional distinction of character and content, dependence of content on context and of content's truth-value on circumstance of evaluation; i.e., by somehow or other ascribing to sentence radicals semantic values describable by means of the two-dimensional matrices familiar from Stalnaker (1978). These two-dimensional matrices provide in my view a good elaboration for present purposes of Bach's notion of locutionary saying.…”

Section: Fn:9mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relativism, Vagueness and What is Said

García‐Carpintero¹

2008

Relative Truth

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John MacFarlane has formulated a version of truth-relativism, and has argued for its application in some cases — future contingents, knowledge attributions, and epistemic modals among them. Mark Richard also defends a version of relativism, which he applies to vagueness-inducing features of the semantics of gradable adjectives. On MacFarlane's and Richard's characterization, truth-relativist claims posit a distinctive kind of context-dependence, the dependence of the evaluation of an assertion as true or otherwise on aspects of the context of the evaluation itself — in contrast with the context of the assertion. This chapter follows Evans in distinguishing two forms of truth-relativism: a moderate one concerning the evaluation of contents or propositions, and a radical one concerning the evaluation of acts. It argues against Richard's truth-relativist proposals for gradable adjectives, which are understood to be of the second kind, while accepting a form of moderate content-relativism for those cases.

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Section: Fn:9mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relativism, Vagueness and What is Said

García‐Carpintero¹

2008

Relative Truth

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“…According to one influential framework, during conversation, interlocutors develop common ground (Stalnaker, 1978), which includes mutual knowledge that arises from common cultural and community information, information present in a shared environment, and information introduced linguistically (Clark, 1992(Clark, , 1996.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressees distinguish shared from private information when interpreting questions during interactive conversation

2008

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Two experiments examined the role of common ground in the production and on-line interpretation of wh-questions such as What's above the cow with shoes? Experiment 1 examined unscripted conversation, and found that speakers consistently use wh-questions to inquire about information known only to the addressee. Addressees were sensitive to this tendency, and quickly directed attention toward private entities when interpreting these questions. A second experiment replicated the interpretation findings in a more constrained setting. These results add to previous evidence that the common ground influences initial language processes, and suggests that the strength and polarity of common ground effects may depend on contributions of sentence type as well as the interactivity of the situation.Keywords common ground; eye-tracking; perspective taking; conversation; referential communication; question; comprehension Conversation is a joint activity through which interlocutors exchange information and ideas. According to one influential framework, during conversation, interlocutors develop common ground (Stalnaker, 1978), which includes mutual knowledge that arises from common cultural and community information, information present in a shared environment, and information introduced linguistically (Clark, 1992(Clark, , 1996.Recently, psycholinguists have begun to explore when, in the time course of processing, interlocutors make use of common ground in interpreting definite referring expressions. Most of these studies have used the visual world eye-tracking paradigm (Tanenhaus, SpiveyKnowlton, to examine whether addressees look at referents that are potentially consistent with a referring expression, presented as an instruction, e.g., Put the tape above the apple, when that referent is in their privileged ground (e.g., a display including a Contact Information: Sarah Brown-Schmidt, Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews Ave, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, brownsch@uiuc.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. cassette tape, an apple and several other objects visible to both participants, along with a roll of scotch tape that is occluded from the speaker). There is general agreement that the addressee's interpretation is restricted to candidates in common ground; however, studies differ in their conclusions about when common ground constrains referential domains. Some studies suggest that addressees are initially egocentric, considering potential referents of referring expressions, without regard for whether they are in common or privileged...

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“…The context set (Reinhart 1981: 78) is borrowed as a notion from Stalnaker (1978), for whom the context set is defined as (26).…”

Section: Aboutnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Information structure and its syntactic manifestation in Spanish: facts and proposals

Fábregas

2016

Borealis

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ABSTRACT. This article presents the main facts about how information structure is syntactically codified in Spanish, with particular attention to the syntax of topics and foci. These facts will be used to assess whether cartographic and minimalist approaches can, in their pure version, account precisely for this set of facts in a predictive way. We discuss the taxonomy of topics and foci, the evidence for their syntactic position, their A'-movement properties, the asymmetries between left-and right-dislocated elements, and the availability of information structure inside subordinate clauses.Keywords. topic; focus; information structure; embedded contexts; dislocation; root clause RESUMEN. Este artículo presenta los principales datos acerca de la codificación sintáctica de la estructura informativa en español, con especial atención a la sintaxis de tópicos y focos. Estos hechos serán utilizados para evaluar si, en su forma más pura, las teorías cartográficas o minimistas pueden explicar estos hechos de una forma predictiva. El trabajo discute la taxonomía de tópicos y focos, qué datos hay para identificar su posición sintáctica, sus propiedades de movimiento A', las asimetrías entre elementos dislocados a izquierda y derecha, y la posibilidad de introducir estructura informativa marcada en el interior de las oraciones subordinadas.

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Assertion

Cited by 250 publications

References 9 publications

Relativism, Vagueness and What is Said

Relativism, Vagueness and What is Said

Addressees distinguish shared from private information when interpreting questions during interactive conversation

Information structure and its syntactic manifestation in Spanish: facts and proposals

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