Assesment of anogenital distance as a marker in diagnosis of prostate cancer

Şahin, Aytaç; Kutluhan, Musab Ali; Toprak, Tuncay; Vural, Yasin; Ürkmez, Ahmet; Akan, Serkan; Verit, Ayhan

doi:10.4081/aiua.2019.3.163

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Information about a possible link between short AGD and TGCT is not available in the literature, so far. Two studies focused on the relationship between the AGD and prostate cancer risk, while a lower risk for prostate cancer in the presence of longer AGD was reported in the first study, this finding has not been confirmed in the subsequent one 24,25 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Two studies focused on the relationship between the AGD and prostate cancer risk, while a lower risk for prostate cancer in the presence of longer AGD was reported in the first study, this finding has not been confirmed in the subsequent one. 24,25 The most plausible hypothesis for the etiopathogenesis of TDS (including short AGD as part of the syndrome) is the combined effect of hormonal unbalance during MPW and predisposing genetic factors. In fact, endocrine-disrupting chemicals are likely to act through the genetic background of each individual.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Short anogenital distance is associated with testicular germ cell tumour development

et al. 2020

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Background Testicular germ cell tumour is a multifactorial disease in which various genetic and environmental factors play a role. Testicular germ cell tumour is part of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome which includes also cryptorchidism, hypospadias, oligo/azoospermia and short anogenital distance. Objectives The primary objective was to examine anogenital distance in testicular germ cell tumour cases and healthy fertile controls. The secondary objective was to assess the (CAG)n polymorphism of the Androgen Receptor gene in relationship with anogenital distances and testicular germ cell tumour development. Material and Methods 156 testicular germ cell tumour patients and 110 tumour‐free normozoospermic controls of Spanish origin. All subjects underwent full andrological workup (including semen and hormone analysis) and genetic analysis (Androgen Receptor (CAG)n). The main outcome measures were the anopenile distance (AGDap), the anoscrotal distance (AGDas) and AR(CAG)n. Result We observed significantly shorter anogenital distances in the group of testicular germ cell tumour patients in respect to controls (P < .001) independently from sperm count and testis histology. Threshold values, applicable only to our cohort, were calculated for anogenital distances with the best sensitivity and specificity. Subjects with AGDap and AGDas below threshold showed a significantly increased risk for testicular germ cell tumour (OR = 4.97, 95% CI = 2.01‐12.33, P = .001 and OR = 4.11, 95% CI = 1.89‐8.92, P ≤ .001, respectively). No significant correlation was observed between AR(CAG)n polymorphism and anogenital distances. The median values of the AR(CAG)n were similar between cases and controls, excluding a major role for this polymorphism in the etiopathogenesis of these testicular dysgenesis syndrome components. Conclusions Ours is the first study focusing on anogenital distances in testicular germ cell tumour patients. We identified short anogenital distances (which is a surrogate biomarker of androgen action during foetal life) as a significant risk factor for this disease. After further validation of our preliminary data, anogenital distance measurement could become part of testicular germ cell tumour screening in order to better define those individuals who would benefit from long‐term active follow‐up.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short anogenital distance is associated with testicular germ cell tumour development

et al. 2020

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“…Jung et al found that patients with a lower 2D:4D finger ratio had a higher risk of prostate cancer (Jung et al, ). And in our previous study, we found that anogenital distance, another indicator of prenatal androgenic exposure, was associated with the risk of prostate cancer (Sahin et al, ). Another study found that those with a higher 2D:4D finger ratio had lower testicular volumes than those with a lower 2D:4D finger ratio (Oh, Kim, Yoon, Kim, & Kim, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Can second to fourth finger ratio play a role in determining the risk of benign prostatic enlargement

et al. 2020

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Benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) is a disease that testosterone plays a role in its aetiology. Second to fourth finger ratio is a marker of prenatal androgenic exposure and may be a risk factor for several androgen‐related diseases such as BPE. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the second to fourth finger ratio and BPE. A total of 63 patients with BPE were included for study group, and age‐matched 63 healthy patients were included as a control group. Finger was measured by the distance from the proximal crease to the tip by using a digital caliper. The mean age of patients with BPE and non‐BPE was 62 ± 8.9 and 61.5 ± 7.1 years respectively. There was statistically significant difference between groups in terms of prostate‐specific antigen levels, prostate volumes and international prostate symptom scores. The mean finger ratios for right and left hand were 0.97 ± 0.03, 0.99 ± 0.03(p = .001) and 0.93 ± 0.15, 0.98 ± 0.03(p < .001) for BPE and non‐BPE groups respectively. Men with a lower second to fourth finger ratio have higher risk of developing BPE than men without BPE. Therefore, the second to fourth finger ratio, which is indicative of prenatal androgen exposure, can be used as a marker of BPE risk.

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“…Studies have shown that the AGD is an external manifestation of the level of androgen exposure in the body, and during the development of the sexual characteristics of mammals, the AGD which presents prenatal androgen exposure is longer in men than in women [11]. Sahin et al found that AGD was related to the risk of PCa, their results found that the PCa patients had longer AGDAP compared to the control group [12]. Besides, Maldonado-Carceles et al published their research in 2016 and suggested that patients with longer AGDAS might have higher biopsy Gleason score and there was no obvious correlation between AGDAP and the severity of biopsy Gleason score [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, there was no clear relationship between the level of testosterone and the progression of PCa. In many studies, the measured AGDAP is associated with pre-pregnancy androgen exposure and the risk of PCa [22,12]. while AGDAS measurement is related to male reproductive ability and reproductive hormones [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of anogenital distance in the incidence risk of prostate cancer in China

Zhou

liu

2021

Preprint

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Background: Anogenital distance（AGD） can be used as a biomarker to indirectly indicate androgen levels during the sexual maturation of mammals. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the association between the AGD and the risk of prostate cancer(PCa), we performed this studyMaterials: A total of 107 patients undergoing perineal prostate biopsy from November 2019 to August 2020 were enrolled. All patients diagnosed 57 PCa patients and 50 benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) patients through perineal prostate biopsy in our hospital . The anus to the posterior base of the scrotum (AGDAS) and the cephalad insertion of the penis (AGDAP) of all patients were measured before prostate biopsy.Result: The mean age of patients with PCa was 69.46 ± 7.52 and the mean age of patients with BPH was 67.38± 8.26. We did not find a significant association between age and BMI in the risk of PCa(all p＞0.05). Besides, there was no significant association between AGD and the risk of PCa(p＞0.05). we only discovered that PSA could play an important role in the development of PCa.Conclusion: AGD may not play an important role in predicting the incidence risk of PCa. we still need a large-scale prospective study to explore the ture association between AGD and the incidence of PCa.

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Assesment of anogenital distance as a marker in diagnosis of prostate cancer

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Short anogenital distance is associated with testicular germ cell tumour development

Short anogenital distance is associated with testicular germ cell tumour development

Can second to fourth finger ratio play a role in determining the risk of benign prostatic enlargement

The role of anogenital distance in the incidence risk of prostate cancer in China

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