“…This type of data collected over different semesters, during which, for example, different instructional strategies are used, can provide a data-driven approach to instructional decisionmaking. Similarly, data collection with a psychometrically tested instrument can provide an additional element of rigor to program reviews or assessments of undergraduate curricula, such as the one recently described by Barrett et al (2014). Finally, the misconceptions or less scientifically accurate conceptions that comprise the answer choices can be incorporated into constructivist approaches to instruction.…”