Assessing anti-rabies baiting – what happens on the ground?

Thulke, Hans‐Hermann; Selhorst, Thomas; Müller, Thomas; Wyszomirski, Tomasz; Müller, U.; Breitenmoser, Urs

doi:10.1186/1471-2334-4-9

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…4b). Nevertheless, the resulting immunisation in the model was still sufficient to eradicate rabies locally, which is in agreement with recent findings about potential over-baiting during the past control programs in Europe [15,50,82,106,107]. …”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Grid cells represent the spatial equivalent of home-ranges of fox families, [38] which do not have equal area size [80] and hence will not receive an equal number of baits [81,82]. We approximate this non-equal assignment of bait pieces to spatial fox group home-ranges by simulating the distribution of effective bait numbers on the ground found for standard aerial delivery (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We approximate this non-equal assignment of bait pieces to spatial fox group home-ranges by simulating the distribution of effective bait numbers on the ground found for standard aerial delivery (Fig. 3) [82]. The baits randomly drawn to fall into a fox group home-range are assumed to be lost with 80% probability according to empirical findings, i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergency vaccination of rabies under limited resources – combating or containing?

et al. 2005

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Background: Rabies is the most important viral zoonosis from a global perspective. Worldwide efforts to combat the disease by oral vaccination of reservoirs have managed to eradicate wildlife rabies in large areas of central Europe and North-America. Thus, repeated vaccination has been discontinued recently on a geographical scale. However, as rabies has not yet been eradicated globally, a serious risk of re-introduction remains. What is the best spatial design for an emergency vaccination program -particularly if resources are limited? Either, we treat a circular area around the detected case and run the risk of infected hosts leaving the limited control area, because a sufficient immunisation level has not yet been built up. Or, initially concentrate the SAME resources in order to establish a protective ring which is more distant from the infected local area, and which then holds out against the challenge of the approaching epidemic.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergency vaccination of rabies under limited resources – combating or containing?

et al. 2005

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“…The distance between routes was set to be 500 m, to increase the efficacy of vaccination. 13 Flight paths were designed though GIS methods and provided to the pilots to be uploaded on the on-board GPS present in the aircraft. Whereas for the flatlands the precise routes were provided, for mountainous areas a different approach was adopted.…”

Section: Geographic Information Systems Approach In Orv Planningmentioning

confidence: 99%

2008–2011 sylvatic rabies epidemic in Italy: challenges and experiences

Mulatti

Bonfanti

Patregnani

et al. 2013

Pathogens and Global Health

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After more than 10 years of absence, in 2008 rabies re-emerged and spread in wild foxes in north-eastern Italy. In order to control the infection and to minimize the risk of human exposure, three oral foxes vaccination campaigns were first carried out by manual distribution of baits between January and September 2009, followed by four emergency oral rabies vaccination (ORV) campaigns by aerial distribution in the affected regions starting in December 2009. Ordinary aerial ORV campaigns followed in spring and fall 2011 and 2012, although no cases were reported after February 2011. In our paper, we describe the main characteristics of the rabies epidemic that occurred in north-eastern Italy in 2008-2011, with particular focus on the innovative systems that were implemented to manage and evaluate the efficacy of the aerial ORV. The Italian experience in containing and eliminating rabies in less than 3 years may provide information and suggestions for countries affected by rabies, and sharing a similar geomorphological conformation as Italy.

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“…An approach, similar to the one used in the winter campaign, was applied to trace the flight routes for the plain areas, whereas the paths defined for the mountainous areas followed the threshold altitude, thus covering the SA by concentric lines. In order to increase vaccination efficacy here, the distance between routes was reduced to 500 m as suggested by Thulke et al (2004), and this inter-route distance was kept both for the plains and the mountain areas. Since the mountain routes largely exceeded the vertex threshold number, the lines could not be directly uploaded to the on-board GPS device preventing the pilots from following the flight paths as originally planned.…”

Section: Definition Of Flight Pathsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical information systems in the management of the 2009-2010 emergency oral anti-rabies vaccination of foxes in north-eastern Italy

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Emergency oral fox vaccination campaigns, targeting a recent rabies epidemic in wild foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in north-eastern Italy, were implemented twice, first in the winter of 2009 and then in the spring of 2010. Following on an unsuccessful manual bait distribution campaign, vaccine baits were aerially distributed by helicopters using a satellite-navigated, computer-supported, automatic bait drop system. The flight paths were traced with distance of 500-1,000 m from one another to optimise helicopter missions and guarantee homogeneous coverage of the vaccination area. The vaccine distribution was evaluated by superimposing a 1 km-step grid and weighing the number of baits per cell. The implementation of a geographical information system for the management of vaccine distribution proved to be useful, both for the planning and execution phases, of the campaigns. It supported effective management of the flights and allowed near real-time monitoring of the campaigns. In addition, it facilitated the identification of areas with suboptimal bait density that would require additional flights or supplementary, manual distribution.

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Assessing anti-rabies baiting – what happens on the ground?

Cited by 12 publications

References 34 publications

Emergency vaccination of rabies under limited resources – combating or containing?

Emergency vaccination of rabies under limited resources – combating or containing?

2008–2011 sylvatic rabies epidemic in Italy: challenges and experiences

Geographical information systems in the management of the 2009-2010 emergency oral anti-rabies vaccination of foxes in north-eastern Italy

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