Assessing Environmental Risks for Established Invasive Weeds: Dalmatian (Linaria dalmatica) and Yellow (L. vulgaris) Toadflax in North America

Sing, Sharlene E.; Peterson, Robert K. D.

doi:10.3390/ijerph8072828

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…However, it has also been successfully introduced to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa (CABI datasheet) . L. vulgaris is now considered as an invasive species in the USA and in Canada (Sing and Peterson 2011 ). The species occurs both in cultivated and uncultivated areas, but grows especially vigorously in disturbed habitats (Ward et al 2009 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micromorphological and histochemical attributes of flowers and floral reward in Linaria vulgaris (Plantaginaceae)

Jachuła

Konarska

2018

Protoplasma

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The self-incompatible flowers of Linaria vulgaris have developed a range of mechanisms for attraction of insect visitors/pollinators and deterrence of ineffective pollinators and herbivores. These adaptive traits include the flower size and symmetry, the presence of a spur as a “secondary nectar presenter,” olfactory (secondary metabolites) and sensual (scent, flower color, nectar guide—contrasting palate) signals, and floral rewards, i.e. pollen and nectar. Histochemical tests revealed that the floral glandular trichomes produced essential oils and flavonoids, and pollen grains contained flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids, which play a role of olfactory attractants/repellents. The nectary gland is disc-shaped and located at the base of the ovary. Nectar is secreted through numerous modified stomata. Nectar secretion began in the bud stage and lasted to the end of anthesis. The amount of produced nectar depended on the flower age and ranged from 0.21 to 3.95 mg/flower (mean = 1.51 mg). The concentration of sugars in the nectar reached up to 57.0%. Both the nectar amount and sugar concentration demonstrated a significant year and population effect. Pollen production was variable between the years of the study. On average, a single flower of L. vulgaris produced 0.31 mg of pollen. The spectrum of insect visitors in the flowers of L. vulgaris differed significantly between populations. In the urban site, Bombus terrestris and Apis mellifera were the most common visitors, while a considerable number of visits of wasps and syrphid flies were noted in the rural site.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micromorphological and histochemical attributes of flowers and floral reward in Linaria vulgaris (Plantaginaceae)

Jachuła

Konarska

2018

Protoplasma

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“…Under the umbrella of risk analysis reside the concepts of risk, risk perception, risk assessment, risk communication, and risk management [89,90]. A few examples relevant to agricultural and biological risk include introduction risks by non-native species [91,92], establishment risks by non-native species [61,93], environmental risks of established invasive plant species [94], non-target organism risks from pesticide applications [95][96][97], risk of leaving weeds below economic thresholds [83], and selecting for glyphosate-resistant weed biotypes [98]. Depending on the risk of interest, risk can be defined as a function of effect and exposure, or more simply how bad multiplied by how often.…”

Section: Concepts Actionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Eco-Evolutionary Imperative: Revisiting Weed Management in the Midst of an Herbicide Resistance Crisis

et al. 2016

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Abstract:Modern weed science is at a crossroads. Born out of advances in chemistry, it has focused on minimizing weed competition with genetically uniform crops and heavy reliance on herbicides. Paradoxically, the success obtained with such an approach and the reluctance to conduct integrated and multidisciplinary research has resulted in unintended, but predictable, consequences, including the selection of herbicide resistant biotypes. Advances in eco-evolutionary biology, a relatively recent discipline that seeks to understand how local population dynamics arise from phenotypic variation resulting from natural selection, habitat distribution, and propagule dispersal across the landscape are transforming our understanding of the processes that regulate agroecosystems. Within this framework, complementary tactics to develop alternative weed management programs include the following: (1) weed scientists must recognize that evolution occurs within crop fields at ecologically-relevant time scales and is rooted in the inherent variation that exists in all populations; (2) weed management should recognize that the probability of a resistant mutant is directly related to the population size; (3) farmers need to acknowledge that herbicide resistance transcends any one farm and should coordinate local practices with regional actions; (4) incentives should be developed and implemented to help the adoption of eco-evolutionary management programs; and (5) risk analysis can help incorporate an eco-evolutionary perspective into integrated weed management programs.

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“…Although L. vulgaris was likely originally introduced as an ornamental and may have some folk medicinal properties (reviewed in Mitich [1993], Saner et al [1995], and Sing and Peterson [2011]), there are negative ecological and economic impacts following L. vulgaris invasion. Ecological impacts include reducing native plant richness and evenness as well as native floral abundance (Wilke and Irwin 2010).…”

Section: Study Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, L. vulgaris is mildly poisonous to some wildlife and to cattle (Mitich 1993), and may serve as a reservoir of pathogens for some crop and ornamental species (Rist and Lorbeer 1989). These ecological impacts have the potential to translate into economic consequences for property value and local farming and ranching Olsen 1991, Sing andPeterson 2011). Moreover, many regions in the Rocky Mountains rely on their natural landscapes with diverse native flowering displays for the tourism industry.…”

Section: Study Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using economic instruments to develop effective management of invasive species: insights from a bioeconomic model

McDermott

Irwin

Taylor

2013

Ecological Applications

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Economic growth is recognized as an important factor associated with species invasions. Consequently, there is increasing need to develop solutions that combine economics and ecology to inform invasive species management. We developed a model combining economic, ecological, and sociological factors to assess the degree to which economic policies can be used to control invasive plants. Because invasive plants often spread across numerous properties, we explored whether property owners should manage invaders cooperatively as a group by incorporating the negative effects of invader spread in management decisions (collective management) or independently, whereby the negative effects of invasive plant spread are ignored (independent management). Our modeling approach used a dynamic optimization framework, and we applied the model to invader spread using Linaria vulgaris. Model simulations allowed us to determine the optimal management strategy based on net benefits for a range of invader densities. We found that optimal management strategies varied as a function of initial plant densities. At low densities, net benefits were high for both collective and independent management to eradicate the invader, suggesting the importance of early detection and eradication. At moderate densities, collective management led to faster and more frequent invader eradication compared to independent management. When we used a financial penalty to ensure that independent properties were managed collectively, we found that the penalty would be most feasible when levied on a property's perimeter boundary to control spread among properties. At the highest densities, the optimal management strategy was "do nothing" because the economic costs of removal were too high relative to the benefits of removal. Spatial variation in L. vulgaris densities resulted in different optimal management strategies for neighboring properties, making a formal economic policy to encourage invasive species removal critical. To accomplish the management and enforcement of these economic policies, we discuss modification of existing agencies and infrastructure. Finally, a sensitivity analysis revealed that lowering the economic cost of invader removal would strongly increase the probability of invader eradication. Taken together, our results provide quantitative insight into management decisions and economic policy instruments that can encourage invasive species removal across a social landscape.

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Assessing Environmental Risks for Established Invasive Weeds: Dalmatian (Linaria dalmatica) and Yellow (L. vulgaris) Toadflax in North America

Cited by 15 publications

References 84 publications

Micromorphological and histochemical attributes of flowers and floral reward in Linaria vulgaris (Plantaginaceae)

Micromorphological and histochemical attributes of flowers and floral reward in Linaria vulgaris (Plantaginaceae)

The Eco-Evolutionary Imperative: Revisiting Weed Management in the Midst of an Herbicide Resistance Crisis

Using economic instruments to develop effective management of invasive species: insights from a bioeconomic model

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