Assessing ESL Learners’ Online Learning Self-Efficacy in Thailand: Are They Ready?

Abstract

Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine whether ESL students in Thailand felt comfortable and confident using online course management tools as indicated by the levels of their online learning self-efficacy. Background: While online learning has become commonplace in most US based universities, some international educational institutions are just now dealing with the enormous task of introducing online learning to their academic communities and working with both faculty and students for successful implementations. In Thailand, there is a national initiative to harness the power of online learning together with other technological innovations to facilitate an increase in learning outcomes and provide additional access to education for students within public educational institutions. Methodology: Online learning self-efficacy data was collected from 856 newly admitted English as a second language (ESL) students at a large public university in Thailand. Participants were provided an email link to an online survey either via a direct email solicitation or a web link posted by their course instructors. The survey consisted of 8 demographic items and 29 self-efficacy items on a 4-point Likert-type scale. Contribution: This paper adds to the body of research on self-efficacy in online learning context by examining the levels of online learning self-efficacy of ESL students in Thailand, where online learning is still not as prevalent as in the United States and many other regions. Findings: Significant correlations were found between online learning self-efficacy levels and demographic characteristics including self-report computer skills, comfort level using the internet, self-reported English proficiency scores, and prior online learning experience. ESL learners participating in this study were found to have high levels of online learning self-efficacy, which indicated a readiness for engagement in online learning courses. Recommendations for Practitioners: As indicated by the results of the study, ESL students who were better at using computers and more comfortable surfing the internet were found to be more confident that they would do well in online learning environments. Therefore, it is recommended that sufficient training should be provided to support this transition by helping students, especially those with lower computer skills and comfort levels using the internet, get started and supporting them along the way. Also, at the very first stage of transitioning into online learning, the institution may first start with partially online courses into which a mixture of both online and face-to-face elements is incorporated. This will allow students to gradually adjust themselves into the new instructional delivery system and technologies that come with it. Once students are well-adjusted and familiar with the new learning environment, and assessment of the effectiveness of the partial integration has been conducted, the institution can consider offering courses that are entirely online. Recommendation for Researchers: Faculty and institution readiness for the adoption of online learning should also be taken into consideration in future work. To address the identified limitations, we recommend that inclusion of participants from across content domain would provide a more representative and generalizable result. Impact on Society: Incorporation of online learning as a standard instructional strategy will improve access to the educational system within Thailand. Assessing student readiness for this non-traditional way of learning may facilitate institutions’ ability to better plan how to effectively incorporate online learning into its curricula. Future Research: This student focused study was a follow-up to a faculty focused study attempting to indicate the level of readiness for this institution to broadly adopt online learning. Future research could be conducted at the organization/institution perspective using appropriate frameworks to address the last element of readiness for online learning adoption that considers the three facets of student, faculty, and institution. After the completion of this phase of affective/attitudinal research and the implementation of online learning within this institution, we recommend moving on to the measure effectiveness of the new instructional methodology.

Beyond Conventional Classroom Learning: Linking Emotions and Self-Efficacy to Academic Achievement and Satisfaction with Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic

“…Similar results from studies on online learning during the pandemic have been reported by Chen et al (2021) in China, Fachmi, Alsolami, Sopacua, andPrajogo (2021) in Indonesia, and Lin (2021) in Taiwan. Higher self-efficacy leading to higher satisfaction with online learning was also reported by pre-pandemic studies conducted by Joo, Lim, and Kim (2013) in Korea, Artino (2008); Wang, Shannon, and Ross (2013) and Zimmerman and Kulikowich (2016) in the U.S., and Ramsin and Mayall (2019) in Thailand.…”

Opportunities and Challenges in ESL Online Learning Environment: A Review of Literature

“…Online learning in the ESL classroom exposes students to new pedagogical innovations with the aid of technology which allows quick mastery of language skills and increased students' motivation and excitement (Mohamad, Ghazali & Hashim, 2018). ESL learners can search and retrieve a wide variety of learning resources that are accessible online without limits (Ramsin & Mayall, 2019). This is an advantage for ESL learners especially in the 21 st century whereby the focus of language learning is no longer entirely on grammar but rather the ability of the learners to practice the language proficiently and effectively (Ramsin & Mayall, 2019).…”

“…ESL learners can search and retrieve a wide variety of learning resources that are accessible online without limits (Ramsin & Mayall, 2019). This is an advantage for ESL learners especially in the 21 st century whereby the focus of language learning is no longer entirely on grammar but rather the ability of the learners to practice the language proficiently and effectively (Ramsin & Mayall, 2019).…”

“…There is an immense need to use virtual technologies in education and face the challenges of ensuring students' and teachers' readiness for online learning (Abdullah et al, 2020). It is very important for institutions to examine and assess students' readiness to online learning before planning how to conduct online teaching effectively (Ramsin & Mayall, 2019). Students need to be confident and willing to use online learning tools to ensure effective learning can take place (Ramsin & Mayall, 2019).…”

“…It is very important for institutions to examine and assess students' readiness to online learning before planning how to conduct online teaching effectively (Ramsin & Mayall, 2019). Students need to be confident and willing to use online learning tools to ensure effective learning can take place (Ramsin & Mayall, 2019).…”