Assessing exposure to secondhand smoke in restaurants and bars 2 years after the smoking regulations in Beijing, China

Liu, R.; Jiang, Yuan; Li, Q.; Hammond, S. Katharine

doi:10.1111/ina.12091

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The impact of the enforcement of smoke-free legislations in Western societies has already shown benefits in reducing adverse health outcomes such as coronary heart diseases and respiratory health [ 23 – 25 ]; but longitudinal monitoring over time is needed for public health policy and intervention to continue minimizing the environmental smoke exposure. As well, although the ban of public smoking in confined spaces has already been introduced for over a decade and was quite successful in Western countries [ 26 ], the enforcement impact was relatively low elsewhere [ 27 – 29 ]. Smoking still has high prevalence in developing countries, differentially affecting the most vulnerable sub-groups who are economically worse off.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and health disparities: 8-year longitudinal findings from a large cohort of Thai adults

et al. 2015

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BackgroundIn rich countries, smokers, active or passive, often belong to disadvantaged groups. Less is known of tobacco patterns in the developing world. Hence, we seek out to investigate mental and physical health consequences of smoke exposure as well as tobacco-related inequality in transitional middle-income Thailand.MethodsWe studied a nationwide cohort of 87,151 middle-aged and older adults that we have been following for eight years (2005–2013) for emerging chronic diseases. Logistic regression was used to identify attributes associated with passive smoke exposure. Longitudinal associations between smoke exposure and wellbeing (SF-8) or psychological distress (Kessler 6) were investigated with multiple linear regression or multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsA high proportion of cohort members, especially females, were passive smokers at home and at public transport stations; males were more exposed at workplace and recreational places. We observed a social gradient with more passive smoking in poorer people. We also observed a dose response relationship linking graded smoke exposures (current, former, passive, non-exposed) to less wellbeing and more psychological distress (p-trend < 0.001). Female smokers in general had less wellbeing and more distress.ConclusionOur findings add to current knowledge on the impact of active and passive smoking on health in a transitional economy. Promotion of smoking cessation programs both in public and at home could also potentially reduce adverse disparities in health and wellbeing in middle and lower income settings such as Thailand.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and health disparities: 8-year longitudinal findings from a large cohort of Thai adults

et al. 2015

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“…We speculated that particle concentration was higher on the bed sheet when the frequency of bed sheet cleaning or replacing was lower, and occupants’ use or a folded bed sheet increase the particle concentrations due to resuspension. Previous studies have also demonstrated that mosquito coil burning was a contributor to particulate matter in the air [ 47 , 48 ]. Mosquito bite is universal in tropical and subtropical regions, and a mosquito coil is often used to prevent mosquito bite.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have indicated that other indoor human activities, such as smoking or incense stick burning, are major factors affecting the PM 2.5 concentration [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. Our data indicated that indoor PM 2.5 concentrations are not associated with smoking and incense stick burning.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Hourly Indoor PM2.5 Concentration Prediction Model: The Role of Outdoor Air, Ventilation, Building Characteristic, and Human Activity

Jung

Lin

Hsu

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Exposure to indoor particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) is a critical health risk factor. Therefore, measuring indoor PM2.5 concentrations is important for assessing their health risks and further investigating the sources and influential factors. However, installing monitoring instruments to collect indoor PM2.5 data is difficult and expensive. Therefore, several indoor PM2.5 concentration prediction models have been developed. However, these prediction models only assess the daily average PM2.5 concentrations in cold or temperate regions. The factors that influence PM2.5 concentration differ according to climatic conditions. In this study, we developed a prediction model for hourly indoor PM2.5 concentrations in Taiwan (tropical and subtropical region) by using a multiple linear regression model and investigated the impact factor. The sample comprised 93 study cases (1979 measurements) and 25 potential predictor variables. Cross-validation was performed to assess performance. The prediction model explained 74% of the variation, and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations, the difference between indoor and outdoor CO2 levels, building type, building floor level, bed sheet cleaning, bed sheet replacement, and mosquito coil burning were included in the prediction model. Cross-validation explained 75% of variation on average. The results also confirm that the prediction model can be used to estimate indoor PM2.5 concentrations across seasons and areas. In summary, we developed a prediction model of hourly indoor PM2.5 concentrations and suggested that outdoor PM2.5 concentrations, ventilation, building characteristics, and human activities should be considered. Moreover, it is important to consider outdoor air quality while occupants open or close windows or doors for regulating ventilation rate and human activities changing also can reduce indoor PM2.5 concentrations.

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“…Moreover, the differences in the annual trends may reflect the incomplete implementation of Xi'an's smoke-free policy, which has caused a rebound effect. A survey conducted in Xi'an in April 2019 found that the PM 2.5 and nicotine concentrations in restaurants were not significantly reduced ( 33 ) and that the concentrations were still higher than those in Beijing, ( 34 ) Hangzhou, ( 33 ) New Zealand ( 35 ) and Latin America, ( 36 ) indicating that after policy implementation, the rate of exposure to SHS in Xi'an restaurants was higher than those in other domestic cities and other countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a Smoke-Free Policy in Xi'an, China: Impact on Hospital Admissions for Acute Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke

Chu

Liu²,

Fang³

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundSmoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure rates are much higher in China than in other countries. A smoke-free policy was implemented in Xi'an, a city in Shaanxi Province, China, on November 1, 2018. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the smoke-free policy on changes in hospital admissions for acute ischemic heart disease (AIHD) and stroke in Xi'an.MethodsAll subjects had been hospitalized for AIHD or stroke from February 9, 2017 to December 25, 2019 (study period: 150 weeks) in six randomly selected public hospitals out of 36 tertiary hospitals in Xi'an. A generalized additive model developed using an interrupted time series design was used to compare immediate and annual percent changes in hospital admissions before and after policy implementation.ResultsThe study included 31,400 cases (16,656 cases of AIHD and 14,744 cases of stroke) from 6 hospitals in Xi'an. Immediately after implementation of the smoke-free policy, AIHD admissions were reduced significantly (−31.66%, 95% CI: – 39.45 to −22.86%), but stroke admissions were not (−4.94%, 95% CI: −13.26 to 4.17%). The annual reduction in stroke-related admissions (−14.54%, 95% CI: −23.53 to −4.49%) and the annual increase in AIHD-related admissions (40.58%, 95% CI: 22.08 to 61.87%) were significant. Although there was no significant reduction in AIHD admissions, stroke admissions were significantly reduced by −15.73% (from 7,350 to 6,194) after implementation of the smoke-free policy in Xi'an.ConclusionThe smoke-free policy had different effects on hospital admissions for AIHD and stroke in Xi'an. Xi'an should improve its smoke-free legislation and expand the measures to maintain or achieve additional significant health benefits. These findings can guide the formulation and implementation of regional and national smoke-free policies.

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Assessing exposure to secondhand smoke in restaurants and bars 2 years after the smoking regulations in Beijing, China

Cited by 11 publications

References 55 publications

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and health disparities: 8-year longitudinal findings from a large cohort of Thai adults

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and health disparities: 8-year longitudinal findings from a large cohort of Thai adults

Development of Hourly Indoor PM2.5 Concentration Prediction Model: The Role of Outdoor Air, Ventilation, Building Characteristic, and Human Activity

Effects of a Smoke-Free Policy in Xi'an, China: Impact on Hospital Admissions for Acute Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke

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