“…While market analysis in the late 1990s still seemed to be the focus of Chinese outbound tourism studies (Zhou, King, & Turner, 1998), researchers started to look into the individual level tourist behavior constructs such as motivations and satisfaction (Huang & Hsu, 2009;Lin & Lin, 2006;Zhang & Lam, 1999), perceived risks and barriers (Sparks & Pan, 2009;Weifeng, 2005), travel preferences, destination image, and attitudes (Kim, Guo, & Agrusa, 2005;McCartney, Butler & Bennet, 2009;Sparks & Pan, 2009;Wang & Davidson, 2010), and expectations (Hsu, Cai, & Li, 2010;Li, Lai, Harrill, Kline, & Wang, 2011). These investigations of various aspects of Chinese tourist behaviors helped to understand the market by developing knowledge about Chinese tourists' behavioral characteristics.…”