Assessing the corrosion of biodegradable magnesium implants: A critical review of current methodologies and their limitations

Kirkland, Nicholas Travis; Birbilis, Nick; Staiger, Mark P.

doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2011.11.014

Cited by 753 publications

(532 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…This allowed the presence of HCO 3 − , which is another important ion that promotes (Mg,Ca)-CO 3 formation at the surface layer. The stirring produced a dynamic flow making the sample and funnel an 'open' system avoiding a local pH increase inside the funnel, which falsifies the in vitro data, as other authors reported (Hofstetter et al, 2015b;Kirkland et al, 2012).…”

Section: Degradation Rate Analysismentioning

confidence: 79%

In vivo and in vitro degradation comparison of pure Mg, Mg-10Gd and Mg-2Ag: a short term study

Marco

Myrissa²,

Martinelli³

et al. 2017

eCM

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The purpose of this study was to compare short term in vitro and in vivo biodegradation studies with low purity Mg (> 99.94 %), Mg-10Gd and Mg-2Ag designed for biodegradable implant applications. Three in vitro testing conditions were applied, using (i) phosphate buffered saline (PBS), (ii) Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) and (iii) Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) in 5 % CO 2 under sterile conditions. Gas evolution and mass loss (ML) were assessed, as well as the degradation layer, by elemental mapping and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In vivo, implantations were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats evaluating both, gas cavity volume and implant volume reduction by micro-computed tomography (µCT), 7 d after implantation. Samples were produced by casting, solution heat treatment and extrusion in disc and pin shape for the in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively. Results showed that when the processing of the Mg sample varied, differences were found not only in the alloy impurity content and the grain size, but also in the corrosion behaviour. An increase of Fe and Ni or a large grain size seemed to play a major role in the degradation process, while the influence of alloying elements, such as Gd and Ag, played a secondary role. Results also indicated that cell culture conditions induced degradation rates and degradation layer elemental composition comparable to in vivo conditions. These in vitro and in vivo degradation layers consisted of Mg hydroxide, Mg-Ca carbonate and Ca phosphate.

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Section: Degradation Rate Analysismentioning

confidence: 79%

In vivo and in vitro degradation comparison of pure Mg, Mg-10Gd and Mg-2Ag: a short term study

Marco

Myrissa²,

Martinelli³

et al. 2017

eCM

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“…A detailed description of each technique can be found in any one of several good reviews [54,55,58]. Each technique has strengths and limitations.…”

Section: Magnesium Corrosion Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method is discussed in more detail in Section "Ratio of solution volume to sample area", and may be worthy of critical analysis. Kirkland et al [72] used a ratio of 20 mL of solution per 1 cm 2 of sample surface area, which is below the desired level, also discussed in Section "Ratio of solution volume to sample area" and in another work by the same group [58].…”

Section: Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method is particularly suggested for long term studies to avoid saturation of Mg 2+ ions. [58,76] Flow rate Application dependant. For generic studies:…”

Section: Experimental Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most conventional of which is ensuring a sufficiently large ratio of solution volume to sample surface area. The influence of this ratio was considered by Kirkland et al [58], as well as Yang and Zhang [104] on the biocorrosion of Mg. Both studies found that at low levels, this ratio was very impactful on the corrosion of the samples, and this influence tapers out at large ratios, as depicted in Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Building towards a standardised approach to biocorrosion studies: a review of factors influencing Mg corrosion in vitro pertinent to in vivo corrosion

2017

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The factors that influence magnesium (Mg) corrosion in vitro are systematically evaluated from a review of the relevant literature. We analysed the influence of the following factors on Mg biocorrosion in vitro: (i) inorganic ions, including both anions and cations, (ii) organic components such as proteins, amino acids and vitamins, and (iii) experimental parameters such as temperature, pH, buffer system and flow rate. Considerations and recommendations towards a standardised approach to in vitro biocorrosion testing are given. Several potential simulated body fluids are recommended. Implementing a standardised approach to experimental parameters has the potential to significantly reduce variability between in vitro biocorrosion tests, and to help build towards a methodology that accurately and consistently mimics in vivo corrosion. However, there are also knowledge gaps with regard to how best to characterise the in vivo environment and corrosion mechanism. The assumption that blood plasma is the correct bodily fluid upon which to base in vitro methodologies is examined, and factors that influence the corrosion mechanism in vivo, such as specimen encapsulation, bear consideration for further studies.

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Improving the Corrosion Resistance of Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys by Diffusion Coating Process

Levy¹,

Aghion²

2015

Magnesium Technology 2015

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Assessing the corrosion of biodegradable magnesium implants: A critical review of current methodologies and their limitations

Cited by 753 publications

References 133 publications

In vivo and in vitro degradation comparison of pure Mg, Mg-10Gd and Mg-2Ag: a short term study

In vivo and in vitro degradation comparison of pure Mg, Mg-10Gd and Mg-2Ag: a short term study

Building towards a standardised approach to biocorrosion studies: a review of factors influencing Mg corrosion in vitro pertinent to in vivo corrosion

Improving the Corrosion Resistance of Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys by Diffusion Coating Process

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