Assessing the respiratory toxicity of dihydroxyacetone using an in vitro human airway epithelial tissue model

Invited review: human air-liquid-interface organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells—overview and perspectives

“…Reproducible, spatially uniform deposition of test aerosols in each position of the exposure module was confirmed by fluorometric and chemistry analysis (Lenz et al 2014;Röhm et al 2017;Wang et al, 2019a). Furthermore, aerosolized vehicles (e.g., phosphate-buffered saline) by themselves do not affect cell viability, CBF, or IL-8 induction in lung models, indicating that operation of the Cloud System does not induce undesirable stress to the cells (Lenz et al 2014;Wang et al, 2019a). Altogether, these observations support its application for exposing cells to liquid aerosols generated from non-volatile agents, NPs, and therapeutics.…”

“…A variety of exposure systems have been developed for direct exposure of lung cells to test articles in their physiologically relevant forms (Aufderheide and Mohr 1999 ; Bitterle et al 2006 ; Lenz et al 2013 ; Thorne and Adamson 2013 ; Lacroix et al . 2018 ; Tsoutsoulopoulos et al 2019 ; Wang et al 2019a ; Wang et al 2019b ). These exposure systems range from those designed and used by individual research laboratories (Müller et al 2011 ; Gualerzi et al 2012 ; Amatngalim et al 2015 ; Ji et al 2017 ; Dwivedi et al 2018 ) to widely available systems that are commercially marketed (Aufderheide and Mohr 1999 ; Okuwa et al 2010 ; Li et al 2012 ; Tsoutsoulopoulos et al 2019 ).…”

“…This is an important practice to ensure homogenous delivery of test articles throughout the culture surface (Jackson et al 2018 ). Dosimetry measurement under such conditions can be made by chemical analysis or using quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) (Lenz et al 2014 ; Wang et al 2019a ). However, QCM measurement must be vigorously validated to decouple mass deposition from the influence of viscoelasticity of test articles on vibration of the crystals (Parlak et al 2013 ; Wang et al 2019a ).…”

“…These exposure systems range from those designed and used by individual research laboratories (Müller et al 2011 ; Gualerzi et al 2012 ; Amatngalim et al 2015 ; Ji et al 2017 ; Dwivedi et al 2018 ) to widely available systems that are commercially marketed (Aufderheide and Mohr 1999 ; Okuwa et al 2010 ; Li et al 2012 ; Tsoutsoulopoulos et al 2019 ). Gases, NPs, aerosols, particles, and complex aerosols (e.g., CS and diesel exhaust) have been tested using specialized systems that expose the apical surface of ALI airway cultures (Aufderheide and Mohr 2004 ; Aufderheide and Gressmann 2007 ; Okuwa et al 2010 ; Lenz et al 2013 ; Nara et al 2013 ; Lenz et al 2014 ; Wang et al 2019a ; Wang et al 2019b ). In the following sections, we will discuss the adaptability and applicability of select commercial exposure systems manufactured by Vitrocell® (Vitrocell® Systems GmbH, Waldkirch, Germany) and CULTEX® (CULTEX Laboratories GmbH, Hannover, Germany), two major equipment manufacturers in the field of in vitro inhalation toxicology.…”

“…A variety of airborne substances, such as NPs, gases, and complex mixtures (e.g., CS and e-cigarette [e-cig] aerosols) have been tested using exposure systems designed and manufactured by Vitrocell® (Lenz et al 2014 ; Neilson et al 2015 ; Polk et al 2016 ; Ding et al 2017 ; Fields et al 2017 ; Wang et al 2019a ). These Vitrocell® exposure systems are discussed in this section.…”