Assessment cytotoxic assay of Rhizophora plants mangrove using brine shrimp (Artemia salina L) model

Abstract

Rhizophoraceae is the main family of mangroves as a source of bioactive compounds originating from the coast. Ethnophamacologically Rhizophoraceae has been used in various traditional medicine. Natural sources as anticancer from the Rhizophoraceae family are interesting to know. This study aimed to determine the cytotoxic bioactivity of methanolic extracts of roots, bark, leaves, and fruit/hypocotyl from five species of Rhizophoraceae (Bruguieria cylindrica, B. gymnorrhiza, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, and R. mucronata) from the Langsa mangrove forest, Aceh. The method used in this study was the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) bioassay using Artemia salina Leach at extract concentrations of 1, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 μg/ml. Samples were extracted using the maceration method and methanol as the solvent. The cytotoxic activity of 20 Rhizophoraceae methanol extracts showed that 12 extracts were toxic with an LC50 range of 31.5 - 934.9 μg/ml (based on LC50 ≤ 1000 μg/ml). The two extracts of which the closest to highly toxic (based on LC50 ≤ 30 μg/ml) were C. decandra bark showed LC50 of 31.5 μg/ml, and R. mucronata bark showed LC50 31.8 μg/ml. This shows that Rhizophoraceae extract has potential as a natural anticancer agent. In the five rhizophoraceae species, C. decandra was the most active compared to other species. In the four plant parts, the bark was the most toxic.

Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Dysoxylum densiflorum Extract and Fractions

“…Flavonoid and phenolic were found in all parts of the plant samples, and these components are produced by plants to protect or promote growth under unfavourable conditions. Moreover, flavonoid and phenolic compounds are generally known for their antioxidant properties [13]. Phytochemical screening is the examination of the chemical content qualitatively to know the class of compounds contained in a plant.…”

Evaluation of In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Fungal, Thrombolytic, Membrane Stabilizing and Cytotoxic Properties of (Camellia chrysantha Hu Tuyama)

“…Using brine shrimp lethality experiments, the cytotoxic activity of the methanolic crude extract at various doses was predicted [10]. Various solutions were made using the serial dilution method with simulated seawater at various concentrations (400, 200, 100, 50, 12,5, 6,25, 3,13, 1.56, 0.78 µg/mL) to experiment.…”

Aktivitas larvasida fraksi aktif daun bakau hitam Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. terhadap larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti Linn

“…Salah satu alternatif yang dapat digunakan adalah bahan aktif dari mangrove. Penggunaan bahan aktif dari mangrove sebagai alternatif karena jumlahnya melimpah dan telah banyak digunakan sebagi obat-obatan alamiah (9). Rhizophora mucronata merupakan salah satu tumbuhan yang sangat bermanfaat baik bagi komunitas hutan mangrove maupun bagi mahkluk hidup lain (10).…”

“…Hal ini dikarenakan kandungan senyawa yang terdapat pada fraksi metanol air dari daun R. mucronata bersifat toksik terhadap larva nyamuk A. aegypti. Menurut (20,9), kematian larva disebabkan adanya ketidakmampuan larva dalam mendetoksifikasi senyawa toksik yang masuk ke dalam tubuhnya. Toksisitas kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder pada ekstrak memberi efek toksisitas pada larva yang terlihat melalui gejala-gejala subletal hingga kematian larva.…”

“…Sedangkan tanin yang masuk ke saluran pencernaan larva dapat menurunkan aktivitas enzim pencernaan dan menghambat penyerapan makanan. Menurut (20,8,9)menjelaskan mekanisme tanin menganggu sistem pencernaan dengan cara membentuk ikatan kompleks antara tanin sebagai inhibitor dengan enzim pencernaan sehingga menghambat pemecahan molekul menjadi lebih sederhana.…”