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Abstract. It has tested the antioxidant activity of n-hexane extract respective roots, bark, fruit and seed crops of nutmeg against DPPH. Each extracted by maceration method with n-hexane. The extraction of each plant nutmeg with n-hexane extract obtained yield of n-hexane respectively 8,35%; 81,5%; 11,89% and 55,63%. The result of the antioxidant activity of n-hexane extract of each plant nutmeg against DPPH with a concentration of 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm is obtained IC 50 , respectively, are 0,216 ppm, 63,755 ppm, 43,998 ppm and 11,599 ppm and positive control vitamin C ( IC 50 = 3,657 ppm). Vitamin C is a standard compound is more often used than butyl for very high antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity increases from high to low at the roots, seeds, fruits and bark of plants nutmeg in a row. Based on data GC-MS chemical components of each successive extracts of roots, bark, fruit and seeds are 41, 41, 44, 43 components of secondary metabolites. The main components of each part of the plant based on data from GC-MS are a 5-Octadecanoic acid, linalool, eugenol, myristicin, methoxyeugenol. The compounds are thought to play an active role in inhibiting free radicals from DPPH. n-Hexane extract nutmeg plant potential as an antioxidant.

Abstract. The essential oil of the nutmeg plant (Myristica fragrans Houtt) has been obtained from roots, bark, fruit, mace and seeds using Stahl steam distillation. Each essential oil have tested for antioxidant activity with DPPH. Antioxidant activity of essential oil from each nutmeg plant to DPPH with concentration 25, 50 and 100 ppm. Each essential oil did not show strong antioxidant activity but the result of nutmeg isolation had strong antioxidant activity with IC 50 that was 80,555 ppm. Based on GC-MS analysis of essential oil of nutmeg isolate obtained myristicin compound with 96.52% area and time Retention 22.127. Myristicin is one of the main components of essential oils of nutmeg plants that play an important role as antioxidants.

Essential oils are potential therapeutics for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in which some of the volatile compounds of essential oils have been well known for their broad antiviral activities. These therapeutic candidates have been shown to regulate the excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which underlies the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. We aimed to identify molecular targets of essential oils in disrupting the cell entry and replication of SARS-CoV-2, hence being active as antivirals. Literature searches were performed on PubMed, Scopus, Scillit, and CaPlus/SciFinder (7 December 2022) with a truncated title implying the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of essential oil. Data were collected from the eligible studies and described narratively. Quality appraisal was performed on the included studies. A total of eight studies were included in this review; four of which used enzyme inhibition assay, one—pseudo-SARS-CoV-2 culture; two—whole SARS-CoV-2 culture; and one—ACE2-expressing cancer cells. Essential oils may prevent the SARS-CoV-2 infection by targeting its receptors on the cells (ACE2 and TMPRSS2). Menthol, 1,8-cineole, and camphor are among the volatile compounds which serve as potential ACE2 blockers. β-caryophyllene may selectively target the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and inhibit viral entry. Other interactions with SARS-CoV-2 proteases and RdRp are observed based on molecular docking. In conclusion, essential oils could target proteins related to the SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. Further studies with improved and uniform study designs should be carried out to optimize essential oils as COVID-19 therapies.

Increasing production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) leads to a higher environmental burden due to its solid waste generation. Cocoa pod husk, one of the major solid wastes of cocoa production, contains rich bioactive compounds unveiling its valorization potential. With that in mind, our research aimed to explore the biological and antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from cocoa pod husks. In this present work, cocoa pod husk was extracted using water and subsequentially partitioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The antimicrobial investigation revealed that the ethyl acetate solubles were active against the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, where at a 20% w/v concentration, the inhibition diameters were 6.62 ± 0.10, 6.52 ± 0.02, and 11.72 ± 0.36 mm, respectively. The extracts were found non-toxic proven by brine shrimp lethality tests against Artemia salina with LC50 scores ranging from 74.1 to 19,054.6 μg/mL. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were obtained in the range of 47.44 to 570.44 mg/g GAE and 1.96 to 4.34 mg/g QE, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the obtained extracts were revealed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay with EC50 reached as low as 9.61 μg/mL by the ethyl acetate soluble. Phytochemical screening based on gas chromatography—mass spectroscopy analysis on the sample with the highest antioxidant activities revealed the dominant presence of three phytosterols, namely gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol.