Assessment of Air Pollution over Baghdad City Using Fixed Annual Stations and GIS Techniques

Abstract

Baghdad, considered one of the most polluted and populated cities in Iraq, waschoosen for mapping the distribution of air pollutants and the overall pollution levels by using the ArcGIS techniques. Six of main observation stations werechoosen in a particular location. Then, the recorded data from these stations were spatially interpolated using two types of ArcGIS interpolation techniques. The spatial interpolation techniques used in this work were Inverse distance weighting (IDW) and fuzzy logic. This study includes measuring the main air pollutants, which were nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and nitrogen monoxide (NO) during the period from January 2018 to December 2018. The data recorded by the stations during the work period and the distribution maps of air pollutants, which resulted from spatial interpolation (IDW) method, showed that the concentration of NO2 was within the International limits of World Health Origination (WHO) which is about 0.11 ppm. SO2 concentrations were exceeding the WHO limits in all stations for the study area. The concentrations of CO ranged from 0.484 ppm to 7.027 ppm that were within acceptable limits of WHO standards that is 9 ppm. NOx concentrations ranged between 0.01506 ppm – 0.214 ppm, which were exceeding acceptable limits of WHO standards (0.01 ppm). The concentrations of NO did not exceed the WHO standard limits, which are 0.08 ppm. Finally, the fuzzsy logic method of spatial interpolation in ArcGIS was applied to evaluate the air pollution over Baghdad city.

The evaluation of carbon monoxide emissions using regression analysis and GIS techniques

“…On the other hand, remote sensing data are considered low-cost data compared with data collected based on field investigations. With the development of spatial technology, many studies conducted depending on the GIS technique, Hasson et al, 2019 [35] used the spatial analysis technique (i.e. geo-statistical interpolation to represent the spatial distribution of the total column of carbon monoxide, and their results showed that Basra city and south of Baghdad are influenced by CO plumes either horizontally or vertically due to industrial activities.…”

Assessment Vertical and Spatial Distribution of SO2 Concentration over Baghdad City (Case Study at 2022)

“…The population of Baghdad governorate is about 10 million capita according to the 2019 census. Whole area of Baghdad province is estimated at 4555 square kilometers, while the area of Baghdad city is about 204.2 square kilometers [12]. Baghdad city is considered as an urban area with clear human activities, especially at city Centre, see figure 1.…”

Big Data Aggregation, Visualization and Clustering for Smart Grid in Smart City using Machine Learning

“…The concept of a smart city has been developed is a city that uses various technological methods to enhance operational efficiency, make services, control and management more aware, interactive and effective, share information with the public, and improve service quality. A smart city manages technologies such as transportation, health, education, energy, housing, buildings and the environment in a smart way [5] [6].…”