Assessment of cognitive functions in patients with multiple sclerosis applying the normative values of the Rao’s brief repeatable battery in the Portuguese population

Sousa, Cláudia; Rigueiro-Neves, Mariana; Passos, Ana; Ferreira, Aristides I.; Sá, María José

doi:10.1186/s12883-021-02193-w

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…It has been suggested that cognitive difficulties associated with COVID-19 may share similarities with demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (Kumar et al, 2021). Scores on each of these tests were adjusted to the demographic characteristics of each individual (age and/or education), in accordance to regression norms built for the Portuguese population (Sousa et al, 2018(Sousa et al, , 2021. Raw scores were transformed into T scores.…”

Section: Cognitive Evaluation/characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of cognitive dysfunction one-year post COVID-19.

Cavaco¹,

Sousa²,

Gonçalves³

et al. 2023

Neuropsychology

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Objectives: (a) To characterize the frequency of objective cognitive deficits and self-perceived cognitive difficulties and (b) to explore demographic and clinical predictors of cognitive dysfunction and cognitive complaints. Method: One hundred and ten adults diagnosed with COVID-19 between March and November 2020, aged ≤74 years underwent a brief neuropsychological evaluation 12 months after infection, which included: Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised, California Verbal Learning Test, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test. T scores <38 were considered abnormal performance; cognitive dysfunction was defined as ≥2 abnormal tests. Participants also completed Broadbent’s Cognitive Failure Questionnaires (CFQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, and Short-Form Health Survey. CFQ ≥ 43 was considered indicative of cognitive complaints. Results: Twenty participants (18.2%) had cognitive dysfunction and 36 (33.3%) had cognitive complaints. Cognitive dysfunction was related to lower education, preinfection history of headache/migraine, and acute COVID-19 symptoms of headache and sleep disturbance. Cognitive complaints were more likely to occur in women, those with fewer years of education, and acute COVID-19 symptoms of headache and sleep disturbance. Cognitive complaints were also significantly related to symptoms of anxiety, depression, and fatigue. Sex and psychopathology were not significant predictors of cognitive dysfunction. Modest associations were found between CFQ total score and cognitive test performance. Discussion: A subset of individuals develops cognitive difficulties in the context of post-COVID syndrome. Results may support the protective effect of education, a known proxy of cognitive reserve. COVID-19 infection symptoms of headache and sleep disturbance appear to be risk factors for long-term cognitive difficulties.

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Section: Cognitive Evaluation/characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of cognitive dysfunction one-year post COVID-19.

Cavaco¹,

Sousa²,

Gonçalves³

et al. 2023

Neuropsychology

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“…We tested this in a post-hoc analysis using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method described in Kallner et al 2017 32 , comparing SDMT performance of our MS sample (mean = 58.5, standard deviation (SD) = 10.0, N = 101 (cfr. 34 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

icognition: a smartphone-based cognitive screening battery

Denissen¹,

Laethem²,

Baijot³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Telemedicine is feasible and well-accepted by people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: The aim of this study is to validate a smartphone-based cognitive screening battery, icognition, to faster signal cognitive deterioration. Methods: icognition consists of three tests (Symbol Test, Dot Test and visual Backwards Digit Span (vBDS)) that are equivalents of validated paper-pencil tests. These are the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), the 10/36 Spatial Recall Test (SPART) and the auditory Backwards Digit Span (aBDS), respectively. To establish the validity of icognition, 101 people with MS and 82 healthy subjects completed all tests. 21 healthy subjects repeated testing 2 to 3 weeks later. Results: All tests in icognition correlate well with their paper-pencil equivalent (Symbol Test: r=.63, p<.001; Dot Test: r=.31, p=0.002; vBDS: r=.71, p<.001), negatively correlate with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS: Symbol Test: rho=-.27, p=.01; Dot Test: rho=-.29, p=.006; vBDS: rho=-.23, p=.027) and show high test-retest reliability (Symbol Test: r=.81, p<.001; Dot Test: r=.75, p<.001; vBDS: r=.84, p<.001). Test performance was not significantly different between people with MS and healthy subjects for all cognitive tests, both in icognition and their paper-pencil equivalents. Conclusion: icognition is a valid and reliable tool to remotely screen for cognitive functioning in persons with MS.

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“…Shortly afterwards, the same group developed another simplified battery called the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N). This was accompanied by the SDMT and uses the 10/36 SPART instead of the 7/24 version [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Through this screening tool, a characteristic CI pattern was defined in MS affecting memory.…”

Section: Assessment and Disease Scoring Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Through this screening tool, a characteristic CI pattern was defined in MS affecting memory. Information processing efficiency, executive functions, attention, and processing speed are other most commonly compromised functions [ 34 ].…”

Section: Assessment and Disease Scoring Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Cognitive Impairment on Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis Patients—A Comprehensive Review

Gómez-Melero,

Caballero-Villarraso,

Escribano

et al. 2024

JCM

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a variety of symptoms that have a major impact on quality of life (QoL) even in early stages. In addition to individual motor, sensory, visual disturbances, and brainstem and sphincter disorders, which are expressed through the widely used Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), other manifestations of MS have a detrimental effect on overall functioning and quality of life, such as cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and pain. However, when talking about QoL, categorical definitions cannot be used because although the concept is generally understood, it is highly nuanced. Suffering from MS can significantly reduce QoL. Numerous research studies have focused on trying to identify and assess which are the elements that most affect the loss of QoL in MS people. However, in addition to the fact that the measurement of QoL can be subjective, it is very difficult to consider these elements in isolation, as they are interrelated. One such limiting factor of QoL that has been investigated is cognitive impairment (CI). This has been shown to have an impact on the lives of MS people, although the different approaches that have been taken to assess CI have evident limitations.

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Assessment of cognitive functions in patients with multiple sclerosis applying the normative values of the Rao’s brief repeatable battery in the Portuguese population

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Predictors of cognitive dysfunction one-year post COVID-19.

Predictors of cognitive dysfunction one-year post COVID-19.

icognition: a smartphone-based cognitive screening battery

Impact of Cognitive Impairment on Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis Patients—A Comprehensive Review

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