Assessment of dietary lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene intakes and sources in the Spanish survey of dietary intake (2009–2010)

Abstract

We assessed the intake and major dietary sources of lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene (non-provitamin A carotenoids) in Spain using food consumption data from the Spanish National Dietary Intake Survey (2009-2010). Three-day diaries and one 24-h recall were used to collect dietary data and a software application that includes HPLC data was used. Average intake of those carotenoids was 4290.8 μg/d (67.1% total carotenoid intake), mainly from vegetables (3414.0 μg/d), followed by fruits (393.5 μg/d), oils/fats (204.0 μg/d) and eggs/egg products (170.0 μg/d). Main sources of lutein and zeaxanthin were vegetables (62.9% total diet, 1235.2 μg/person/d). Lycopene intake was 3055.6 μg/d (71.2% of non-provitamin A carotenoids), mainly from tomato and by-products (86.3%) and watermelon. Red- and orange-colored fruits and vegetables were the major contributors of non-provitamin carotenoids (3219.0 μg/person/d). Balanced diets should favor fruits and vegetables over other dietary sources (oils, eggs, processed foods) that contain components to be consumed with moderation.

Assessment of individual carotenoid and vitamin A dietary intake in overweight and obese Dominican subjects

“…The dietary intake of lycopene in this study is quite lower than that reported in the populations from Spain (1,462 vs. 3,056 μg/d) (38) and from the USA (1,462 vs. 5,279 μg/d) (37). The total dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin is similar to that found in the Spanish population (1,331 vs. 1,235 μg/d) (38) and somewhat less than that reported in the USA (1,331 vs. 1,734 μg/d) (37).…”

“…The dietary intake of lycopene in this study is quite lower than that reported in the populations from Spain (1,462 vs. 3,056 μg/d) (38) and from the USA (1,462 vs. 5,279 μg/d) (37). The total dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin is similar to that found in the Spanish population (1,331 vs. 1,235 μg/d) (38) and somewhat less than that reported in the USA (1,331 vs. 1,734 μg/d) (37). The intake of these carotenoids from the consumption of fruit and vegetables, with that in Brazilian population differs regarding lutein and lycopene, and are higher in this study than in the Brazilians (915.9 vs. 776 μg lutein/d and 1,419 vs. 656 μg lycopene/d), and is similar to that of zeaxanthin (52.3 vs. 56.9 μg/d, this study vs. the Brazilians, respectively) (35).…”

“…In the Spanish population, provitamin A carotenoids are also supplied by red/orange fruit and vegetables, followed by green produce, with white/yellow foods being those that contributed the least to dietary intake (34), a difference that is due to the greater contribution of guineo (or banana) and plantain in the Dominican subjects. This also occurs in the Spanish population, in whom green fruit and vegetables are the main source of lutein plus zeaxanthin and, zeaxanthin is supplied mainly by red/orange fruit and vegetables (38).…”

Estimación de la capacidad antioxidante de los alimentos ingeridos por la poblaclión española.

“…cuya cantidad de compuestos fenólicos totales fue superior a la de las nueces, pero su ingesta diaria estimada resultó ser tan baja que su contribución al valor ORAC es minoritaria DISCUSIÓN El valor de la capacidad antioxidante que tiene la dieta de los españoles está en concordancia con los datos estimados para la ingesta media diaria por persona y día de compuestos fenólicos totales (404 mg/p/día) 13 y carotenoides (4.3 mg/p/día) 14 . Tal y como se observa, la ingesta estimada de compuestos fenólicos es del orden de 100 veces superior a la de carotenoides, lo cual podría explicar que el valor ORAC-L estimado sea tan inferior, ya que gran parte de los compuestos fenólicos actúan como antioxidantes hidrofílicos, mientras que los carotenoides actúan como antioxidantes lipofílicos 15 .…”

Les matrices végétales : leurs effets sur la biodisponibilité des caroténoïdes

“…Dans la mesure où les CAR ne sont pas synthétisés par les animaux et que seule une partie des CAR ingérés par les animaux de rente est stockée dans leurs tissus, les principales sources de CAR dans notre alimentation sont les aliments d'origine végétale, et plus particulièrement les fruits et légumes. On devrait plutôt dire les légumes et les fruits car, d'après des données Espagnoles[19,20], 84% du β-carotène est apporté par les légumes et 5% par les fruits, 86% du lycopène est apporté par les légumes et 11% par les fruits, et 84% de la lutéine est apportée par les légumes et 5% par les fruits. A noter toutefois que cette répartition dépend de ce que l'on classe comme fruit ou légume.…”