Assessment of different methods for the removal of biofilms and lichens on gravestones of the English Cemetery in Florence

Mascalchi, Marta; Orsini, Chiara; Pinna, Daniela; Salvadori, Barbara; Siano, Salvatore; Riminesi, Cristiano

doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2020.105041

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…There are many papers that compare the efficacy of different control methods on the same object or site. The comparison is extremely useful if for example considerations including environmental safety are taken into account [106].…”

Section: Combination Of Control Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Control of Cultural Heritage Microbial Deterioration

2020

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The microbial deterioration of cultural heritage includes physical and chemical damage as well as aesthetic alteration. With the technological advancement, a plethora of techniques for removing unwanted microorganisms have opened up new opportunities for microbiologists and conservators. This article reviews the most applied, up-to-date, and sustainable techniques developed for the control of cultural heritage microbial deterioration presenting noteworthy case studies. These techniques include chemical methods, i.e., traditional biocides and nanoparticles; physical methods, such as mechanical removal, UV irradiation, gamma radiation, laser cleaning, heat shocking, microwaves, and dry ice treatment; and biological methods, such as natural molecules with biocidal activity, enzymes, and microorganisms. The application of control systems requires the comprehension of their behavior toward the unwanted microorganisms and possible interactions with the heritage materials. This overview shows also the control methods drawbacks for the purpose of creating awareness in selecting the most suitable technique or combination of techniques.

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Section: Combination Of Control Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Control of Cultural Heritage Microbial Deterioration

2020

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“…Thermal treatments (microwave, heat irradiation, heat shock treatment) are considered an ecologically safe alternative to traditional conservation methods [16][17][18][19]. Thanks to their low-interaction with the substrate and penetration depth, they are safe for the cultural asset, for operators, and the environment.…”

Section: Physical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As reported by Mascalchi et al [19], although the treatment of biodeteriogens is a part of common restoration practice, the development of efficient protocols still represents a challenge for restorers.…”

Section: Choice Of Suitable Chemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although some ingredients of these formulates are currently considered toxic, they are applied at low concentrations, which do not create significant risks for humans or the environment (Table 1). 2% water fungi, bacteria and algae [1] Field experiments have recently been reported by Mascalchi et al [19]; the authors compared the efficacy and duration of three common conservation methods. Simple mechanical removal of biodeteriorants allowed the rapid recolonization of stone.…”

Section: Conventional Biocidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Present and Future Perspectives for Biocides and Antifouling Products for Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: Ionic Liquids as a Challenging Alternative

2020

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This review offers an overview of the most recent research activities on counteracting the biodeterioration process of stone monuments, underlining all those aspects regarding eventual procedural drawbacks and compliance with sustainable criteria. For this purpose, the definition of “green conservation of cultural heritage” has been proposed. Its basics have been utilized in the text to highlight the issues arising from the most common conservative procedures as well as guidelines for the development of innovative technologies. The review then deals with the most innovative antimicrobial approaches, among which nano- and bio-technologies play a main role. Ionic liquids are a special class of salts, which can be prepared by applying Safe by Design concepts, to meet the Green Conservation criteria.

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“…Thus, protocols using DDMAC are effective for the preventive and curative control of the greening of historic building materials (Nowicka-Krawczyk et al, 2019). DDMAC associated with OIT in ROCIMA TM 103 (Dow ® ) induces in-depth killing of fouling microorganisms and prevents most biological recolonization of sandstone and marble tombs surfaces for a period of five years after treatment (Mascalchi et al, 2020). The effectiveness of benzalkonium chloride treatment in preventing bacterial recolonization of stone was also observed after the treatment of the granite walls of the San Martiño Pinario Monastery in Santiago de Compostela (NW Spain) (Sanmartín and Carballeira, 2021).…”

Section: Quaternary Ammonium Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and future chemical treatments to fight biodeterioration of outdoor building materials and associated biofilms: Moving away from ecotoxic and towards efficient, sustainable solutions

Romani

Warscheid

Nicole

et al. 2022

Science of The Total Environment

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All types of building materials are rapidly colonized by microorganisms, initially through an invisible and then later a visible biofilm that leads to their biodeterioration. Over centuries, this natural phenomenon has been managed using mechanical procedures, oils, or even wax. In modern history, many treatments such as high-pressure cleaners, biocides (mainly isothiazolinones and quaternary ammonium compounds) are commercially available, as well as preventive ones, such as the use of water-repellent coatings in the fabrication process. While all these cleaning techniques offer excellent cost-benefit ratios, their limitations are numerous. Indeed, building materials are often quickly recolonized after application, and microorganisms are increasingly reported as resistant to chemical treatments. Furthermore, many antifouling 5 compounds are ecotoxic, harmful to human health and the environment, and new regulations tend to limit their use and constrain their commercialization. The current state-of-the-art highlights an urgent need to develop innovative antifouling strategies and the widespread use of safe and eco-friendly solutions to biodeterioration. Interestingly, innovative approaches and compounds have recently been identified, including the use of photocatalysts or natural compounds such as essential oils or quorum sensing inhibitors. Most of these solutions developed in laboratory settings appear very promising, although their efficiency and ecotoxicological features remain to be further tested before being widely marketed. This review highlights the complexity of choosing the adequate antifouling compounds when fighting biodeterioration and proposes developing case-to-case innovative strategies to raise this challenge, relying on integrative and multidisciplinary approaches.

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Assessment of different methods for the removal of biofilms and lichens on gravestones of the English Cemetery in Florence

Cited by 22 publications

References 27 publications

The Control of Cultural Heritage Microbial Deterioration

The Control of Cultural Heritage Microbial Deterioration

Present and Future Perspectives for Biocides and Antifouling Products for Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: Ionic Liquids as a Challenging Alternative

Current and future chemical treatments to fight biodeterioration of outdoor building materials and associated biofilms: Moving away from ecotoxic and towards efficient, sustainable solutions

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