Assessment of drinking water treatment and disinfection by-products

Holistic One Health Surveillance Framework: Synergizing Environmental, Animal, and Human Determinants for Enhanced Infectious Disease Management

“…63 Globally, over 2 billion people depend on drinking water contaminated with fecal matter, posing a risk for diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and polio. 64 Such afflictions disproportionately impact regions of low and middle incomes, characterized by overcrowded housing and subpar water and sanitation services. This can be exacerbated by conflicts or natural disasters that disrupt water, sanitation, and healthcare systems.…”

“…This, in turn, serves as a key defense against not only diarrheal diseases but also acute respiratory infections and various overlooked tropical diseases. 64 The century-long practice of disinfecting potable water, acknowledged as a highly effective public health protection measure, has played a crucial role in managing recent outbreaks of diseases, such as hepatitis, norovirus, seasonal flu, and other infectious illnesses. Although chlorine was historically the preferred disinfectant, recent alternatives like chlorine dioxide, chloramines, and ozone are now used for water purification.…”

“…The century-long practice of disinfecting potable water, acknowledged as a highly effective public health protection measure, has played a crucial role in managing recent outbreaks of diseases, such as hepatitis, norovirus, seasonal flu, and other infectious illnesses. Although chlorine was historically the preferred disinfectant, recent alternatives like chlorine dioxide, chloramines, and ozone are now used for water purification. , When chlorine is added to water, it forms hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite ions (OCl – ), the primary disinfecting compounds . Hypochlorous acid is more effective, and the distribution of these compounds depends on the pH of the water.…”