Assessment of environmental consequences of the normal operations of the ESS facility

Ene, Dragoş; Ávila, R.; Hjerpe, T.; Bugay, David E.; Stenberg, Kristofer

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1046/1/012018

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data from the Malmö-Sturup Airport (26 km southeast of the ESS) for the years 2006–2012 show that the predominant winds in the region were westerly (on average 20% of the time) and southwesterly (17% of the time) (Ene 2016). Other wind directions were less common (E: 15%, NW: 11%, S: 10%, SE: 10%, N: 6% and NE: 5%) (Ene 2016). More detailed wind data for the ESS site for 2019 have been reported by Bernhardsson et al (2020b): WSW (12.3% of the time, average wind speed 4.2 m/s), ESE (12.2%, 3.8 m/s), W (11.6%, 3.8 m/s) and SW (11.3%, 5.2 m/s).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Levels of Radiocarbon in Lund, Sweden, Prior to the Start of the European Spallation Source

et al. 2022

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The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a neutron-based research facility under construction in Lund in southern Sweden. The spallation reactions will generate not only the desired neutrons, but also many radioactive by-products, including 14C. As part of the licensing process, and as recommended by the IAEA, various preoperational studies are being carried out, including mapping the “zero-point” radiation environment around the site. As the city of Lund hosts several facilities using 14C-labeled substances, and since temporary and local 14C contamination have been observed in the past, 14C mapping is an important part of these baseline assessments. We here present a summary of 14C levels in various terrestrial environmental samples in Lund and in southern Sweden during the years 2012 to 2020. These environmental F14C do not display significantly elevated levels compared to sites located remote from Lund. We also describe a local 14C contamination event that was detected at the Lund Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory in 2009. Horse-chestnut leaves collected close to the laboratory exhibited F14C values of up to ∼25% above the clean air background. Elevated values of F14C were also found in a short tree-ring series, especially in 2007. The source of this contamination was identified and successfully removed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Levels of Radiocarbon in Lund, Sweden, Prior to the Start of the European Spallation Source

et al. 2022

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“…According to the evaluations therein, the experimental database on irradiated tungsten spallation target compositions is still insufficient and experimental data are urgently needed to verify existing or future theoretical calculations. The alpha-emitters 148/150 Gd, 146 Sm, and 154 Dy in our case are considered as of essential importance because they impose the highest dose coefficients. − These alpha-emitting rare earth nuclides contribute 90% to the total radiotoxicity generated in such a target, with their hazard induced mainly by inhalation and ingestion. They can reach the environment via dust emission or dissolution in the case of contacting the target with water.…”

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confidence: 98%

Radiochemical Determination of Long-Lived Radionuclides in Proton-Irradiated Heavy Metal Targets: Part II Tungsten

et al. 2021

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In this study, proton-irradiated tungsten targets, up to 2.6 GeV, were investigated for the purpose of the experimental cross-section measurements. Radiochemical separation methods were applied to isolate the residual long-lived alpha-emitters 148Gd, 154Dy, and 146Sm and the beta-emitters 129I and 36Cl from proton-irradiated tungsten targets. The molecular plating technique has been applied to prepare 148Gd, 154Dy, and 146Sm samples for alpha-spectrometry. Production cross-sections of 129I and 36Cl were determined by means of accelerator mass spectrometry. The results are compared with theoretical predictions, obtained with the INCL++–ABLA07 codes, showing good agreement for 36Cl and 148Gd, while a factor of 4 difference was observed for 154Dy, similar to the results obtained for tantalum targets.

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In vivo measurement of pre-operational spallation source workers: baseline body burden levels and detection limits of relevant gamma emitters using high-resolution gamma spectrometry

et al. 2019

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As a measure to prepare for long-term internal dose monitoring of workers at the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden, operated by the European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), as well as to enhance emergency preparedness against accidental releases, a series of in vivo measurements were conducted using a high-resolution HPGe detector with a 123% relative efficiency (1.332 MeV). This study describes the whole-body counting set-up, calibration procedure, and subsequent validation measurements using conventional NaI(Tl)-scanning-bed geometry on a selection of workers from the ESS. Detection limits for the relevant gamma emitters 7Be, 172Hf, and 182Ta were determined to be 65 Bq, 130 Bq, and 22 Bq, respectively, using a 2400 s acquisition time. The baseline measurements suggest that care must be taken to ensure that the fluctuations in the presence of radon daughters 214Bi and 214Pb are minimised by, for example, ensuring a minimum air exchange between the measuring room and the ambient air, and by demanding that the measured subjects change clothes and shower before measurement. Furthermore, in a monitoring program for internal doses to spallation source workers, the presence of radionuclides originating from non-work-related sources (such as 226Ra from private water wells or 137Cs from intakes of Chernobyl contaminated foodstuffs), or radionuclides from previous work history (such as 60Co within the nuclear power industry), must be considered.

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Assessment of environmental consequences of the normal operations of the ESS facility

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Environmental Levels of Radiocarbon in Lund, Sweden, Prior to the Start of the European Spallation Source

Environmental Levels of Radiocarbon in Lund, Sweden, Prior to the Start of the European Spallation Source

Radiochemical Determination of Long-Lived Radionuclides in Proton-Irradiated Heavy Metal Targets: Part II Tungsten

In vivo measurement of pre-operational spallation source workers: baseline body burden levels and detection limits of relevant gamma emitters using high-resolution gamma spectrometry

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